scholarly journals The United States’ Implementation of the Montréal Process Indicator of Forest Fragmentation

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Kurt Riitters ◽  
Guy Robertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Fragmentation ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Process Indicator ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Indicator Framework ◽  
Montreal Process

The United States’ implementation of the Montréal Process indicator of forest fragmentation presents a case study in the development and application of science within a criteria and indicator framework to evaluate forest sustainability. Here, we review the historical evolution and status of the indicator and summarize the latest empirical results. While forest cover fragmentation is increasing, the rate of increase has slowed since 2006. Most of the fragmentation in the western United States is associated with changes in semi-natural land cover (e.g., shrub and grass) while most of the eastern fragmentation is associated with changes in agriculture and developed (including roads) land covers. Research conducted pursuant to indicator implementation exemplifies the role of a criteria and indicator framework in identifying policy-relevant questions and then focusing research on those questions, and subsequent indicator reporting exemplifies the value of a common language and developed set of metrics to help bridge the gaps between science and policy at national and international scales.

Breast Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Invasive breast cancer, the most common nonskin cancer in women in the United States, will be diagnosed in 266,120 In 2018, along with 63,960 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer. Incidence and mortality reached a plateau and appear to be dropping in both the United States and parts of western Europe. This decline has been attributed to several factors, such as early detection through the use of screening mammography and appropriate use of systemic adjuvant therapy, as well as decreased use of hormone replacement therapy. However, the global burden of breast cancer remains great, and global breast cancer incidence increased from 641,000 in 1980 to 1,643,000 in 2010, an annual rate of increase of 3.1%. This chapter examines the etiology, epidemiology, prevention, screening, staging, and prognosis of breast cancer. The diagnoses and treatments of the four stages of breast cancer are also included. Figures include algorithms used for the systemic treatment of stage IV breast cancer and hormone therapy for women with stage IV breast cancer. Tables describe selected outcomes from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) P-1 and P-2 chemoprevention trials, tamoxifen chemoprevention trials for breast cancer, the TNM staging system and stage groupings for breast cancer, some commonly used adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, an algorithm for suggested treatment for patients with operable breast cancer from the 2011 St. Gallen consensus conference, guidelines for surveillance of asymptomatic early breast cancer survivors from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and newer agents for metastatic breast cancer commercially available in the United States. This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 108 references.

Cannabis use among youth in the United States, 2004–2016: Faster rate of increase among youth with depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 107894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea H. Weinberger ◽  
Jiaqi Zhu ◽  
Joun Lee ◽  
Elle Anastasiou ◽  
Jan Copeland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Rate Of Increase

scholarly journals Evolution of the Oropharynx Cancer Epidemic in the United States: Moderation of Increasing Incidence in Younger Individuals and Shift in the Burden to Older Individuals

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (18) ◽  
pp. 1538-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Tota ◽  
Ana F. Best ◽  
Zachary S. Zumsteg ◽  
Maura L. Gillison ◽  
Philip S. Rosenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Oropharynx Cancer ◽  
Rate Of Increase

PURPOSE Human papillomavirus–positive oropharynx cancer incidence has increased rapidly in cohorts of US white men born during the 1930s to 1950s. It is unknown how the trajectory of the oropharynx cancer epidemic may be changing in the United States. METHODS Using US cancer registry information, we investigated whether increases in oropharynx cancer have continued into recent birth cohorts and forecasted the future burden across age, sex, and race/ethnicity subgroups. Log-linear Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort models were used to evaluate incidence trends during 1992 to 2015 and projections through 2029. RESULTS Among white men, oropharynx cancer incidence increased rapidly in individuals born during 1939 to 1955 (5.3% per 2-year birth cohort; 95% CI, 4.8% to 5.7%), but this rate of increase significantly moderated in individuals born during 1955 to 1969 (1.7% per 2-year birth cohort; 95% CI, 1.0% to 2.4%). Should these birth-cohort trends continue, from 2016 to 2029 we forecast that incidence will increase dramatically in older white men 65 to 74 years of age (from 40.7 to 71.2 per 100,000) and 75 to 84 years of age (from 25.7 to 50.1 per 100,000), moderately in white men 55 to 64 years of age (from 40.3 to 52.0 per 100,000), and remain stable in white men 45 to 54 years of age (approximately 18 per 100,000). Accounting for population growth, we project an increase in annual number of cases in the United States from 20,124 (95% CI, 19,779 to 20,469) in 2016 to 30,629 (95% CI, 29,413 to 31,845) in 2029, primarily driven by older individuals (age ≥ 65 years; from 7,976 [95% CI, 7,782 to 8,172] to 18,072 [95% CI, 17,271 to 18,895]) and white men (from 14,453 [95% CI, 14,142 to 14,764] to 22,241 [95% CI, 21,119 to 23,364]). CONCLUSION The exponential increase in oropharynx cancer incidence in young white US men has ebbed, and modest increases are occurring/anticipated in cohorts born after 1955. Continued strong increases in incidence in cohorts born before 1955, and an approximate 50% increase in size of the US population age 65 years or older through 2029, portend a substantial shift in burden to elderly white men.

Breast Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Invasive breast cancer, the most common nonskin cancer in women in the United States, will be diagnosed in 235,000 women in this country in 2013 and is expected to result in approximately 40,000 deaths. Incidence and mortality reached a plateau and appear to be dropping in both the United States and parts of western Europe. This decline has been attributed to several factors, such as early detection through the use of screening mammography and appropriate use of systemic adjuvant therapy, as well as decreased use of hormone replacement therapy. However, the global burden of breast cancer remains great, and global breast cancer incidence increased from 641,000 in 1980 to 1,643,000 in 2010, an annual rate of increase of 3.1%. This chapter examines the etiology, epidemiology, prevention, screening, staging, and prognosis of breast cancer. The diagnoses and treatments of the four stages of breast cancer are also included. Figures include algorithms used for the systemic treatment of stage IV breast cancer and hormone therapy for women with stage IV breast cancer. Tables describe selected outcomes from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) P-1 and P-2 chemoprevention trials, tamoxifen chemoprevention trials for breast cancer, the TNM staging system and stage groupings for breast cancer, some commonly used adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, an algorithm for suggested treatment for patients with operable breast cancer from the 2011 St. Gallen consensus conference, guidelines for surveillance of asymptomatic early breast cancer survivors from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and newer agents for metastatic breast cancer commercially available in the United States. This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 108 references.

PUBLIC HEALTH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1021
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
First Time

For the first time in 3 years it is gratifying to note that the infant mortality in the United States has not increased. The estimated rate for 1959, 26.4, was about 2% lower than the 1958 rate of 26.9 and is at the same level as the 1957 rate. Low point thus far for the United States was in 1956, when the rate was 26.0. There was relatively little change in the other important rates—births, deaths and marriages. The natural increase in the population, that is births (including an estimate for those unregistered) minus deaths, was 2,632,000, giving a rate of increase of 14.9 per 1,000 population, essentially the same as the 1958 rate of 15.0.

Food Controversies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bailey Norwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
Moral High Ground ◽  
Access To Food

As knowledge of agriculture, food, and nutrition grows by leaps and bounds, so do agricultural controversies. While the developing world fights over access to food, the United States and western Europe fight over the moral high ground in terms of food. This chapter seeks to explain the prevalence of agricultural controversies in the presence of growing scientific knowledge. It explains how controversies persist due to insufficient facts to resolve them, how a single controversy can be a proxy war over much bigger issues, the ease with which we conflate specific policies and social movements, the difficult task of debating science and policy simultaneously, and the myriad influences determining a person’s views.

scholarly journals The Terms Foresters and Planners in the United States Use to Infer Sustainability in Forest Management Plans: A Survey Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Rocio Gutierrez Garzon ◽  
Pete Bettinger ◽  
Jacek Siry ◽  
Bin Mei ◽  
Jesse Abrams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Sample Technique ◽  
Forest Plans

Sustainable forest management is important for advancing sustainable societal development. Effective communication plays a major role in how goals and objectives are achieved. This study aims to assess how sustainability is considered by people who develop forest management plans (or forest plans in short). We employed the snowball sample technique to locate the study’s respondents. In addition, an open-ended questionnaire and a mix method data collection (phone and email) and analysis (qualitative and quantitative) were found to be adequate methods to survey forest planners who have been involved in the development, implementation, evaluation, and/or revision of forest plans in the United States. Our approach helped us to understand their perceptions of and means of incorporating sustainability concerns in forest plans. A total of 55 surveys were completed by forest planners physically located in 26 of the 50 states in the country. Results suggested that planners generally placed environmental sustainability concerns over social and economic sustainability concerns. A variety of key terms were central to forest planners’ attempts to communicate sustainability, from which most were associated with philosophical and temporal principles that would then be associated with concrete actions and the human dimension. Nevertheless, respondents also acknowledged difficulties and misunderstandings in describing how forest sustainability should be demonstrated within a forest plan. Topics such as restoration, carbon sequestration, and resilience were infrequently associated with sustainability and sustainable forest management. Finally, we found that the respondents were divided on whether the language used in forest plans to demonstrate sustainability could be improved.

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