scholarly journals Impact of Roadside Drying on Delivered Costs for Eucalyptus globulus Logging Residue and Whole Trees Supplying a Hypothetical Energy Plant in Western Australia Using a Linear-Programming Model

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Martin Strandgard ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Taskhiri ◽  
Mauricio Acuna ◽  
Paul Turner
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
The Impact

Australia’s large potential forest bioenergy resource is considerably underutilised, due largely to its high delivered costs. Drying forest biomass at the roadside can potentially reduce its delivered cost through weight reduction and increased net calorific value. There has been little research on the impact of roadside drying for Australian conditions and plantation species. This study compared delivered costs for three forest biomass types—Eucalyptus globulus plantation whole trees and logging residue (LR)-disaggregated (LR conventional) or aggregated (LR fuel-adapted)—and three roadside storage scenarios—no storage, ≤two-month storage and optimal storage—to supply a hypothetical thermal power plant in south-west Western Australia. The study was performed using a tactical linear programming tool (MCPlan). Roadside storage reduced delivered costs, with optimal storage (storage for up to 14 months) producing the lowest costs. Delivered costs were inversely related to forest biomass spatial density due to transport cost reductions. Whole trees, which had the highest spatial density, stored under the optimal storage scenario had the lowest delivered costs (AUD 7.89/MWh) while LR conventional, with the lowest spatial density, had the highest delivered costs when delivered without storage (AUD 15.51/MWh). For both LR types, two-month storage achieved ~60% of the savings from the optimal storage scenario but only 23% of the savings for whole trees. The findings suggested that roadside drying and high forest biomass spatial density are critical to reducing forest biomass delivered costs.

scholarly journals Comparison of cost, productivity and residue yield of cut-to-length and fuel-adapted harvesting in a Pinus radiata D.Don final harvest in Western Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Strandgard ◽  
Rick Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Background: Forest biomass is a major global source of biofuel. To compete with other energy sources its delivered costs need to be reduced. Globally, logging residue (LR) is likely to be the cheapest, readily available forest biomass form. LR transport is a major cost component. Methods: A harvester-forwarder harvest system was studied in two adjacent areas to compare Swedish “fuel-adapted harvesting” with conventional cut-to-length harvesting at the stump in a mature Pinus radiata D.Don plantation in Western Australia to assess the impact of fuel-adapted harvesting on costs and productivity of a harvester and forwarder producing logs and extracting LR and on LR yield. Results: Harvester and forwarder productivities producing logs were significantly reduced in the fuel-adapted area compared with the conventional area which increased log production costs for the fuel-adapted site by 15%. Forwarder productivity extracting LR and LR yield were significantly greater in the fuel-adapted area which reduced LR extraction costs by approximately 28%. This was due to the ease of loading LR from residue piles created during fuel-adapted harvesting compared with loading scattered residue from conventional harvesting. The cost reduction for LR extraction from the fuel-adapted area exceeded the increased log harvest and extraction costs. This resulted in the combined log and LR costs for the fuel-adapted area being approximately 12% lower than those for the conventional area. Increased forwarder productivity through adoption of larger load bunks and residue-specific grapples combined with increased operator experience with fuel-adapted harvesting would be likely to further decrease log and LR production costs. Conclusions: The results show that adoption of fuel-adapted harvesting could reduce LR delivered costs, thus increasing its viability as a biofuel. However, primary transport cost is only one component of LR delivered costs and needs to be considered in combination with the reduction of other supply chain costs, particularly secondary transport costs which can make up a large proportion of LR delivered costs. Because removal of most LR from a site can reduce subsequent tree growth, guidelines specifying the proportion of LR retained should be considered.

scholarly journals A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Method for Simultaneous Multi-Periodic Train Timetabling and Routing on a High-Speed Rail Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Wenliang Zhou ◽  
Xiaorong You ◽  
Wenzhuang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Train Timetabling ◽  
Train Timetable ◽  
The Impact

To avoid conflicts among trains at stations and provide passengers with a periodic train timetable to improve service level, this paper mainly focuses on the problem of multi-periodic train timetabling and routing by optimizing the routes of trains at stations and their entering time and leaving time on each chosen arrival–departure track at each visited station. Based on the constructed directed graph, including unidirectional and bidirectional tracks at stations and in sections, a mixed integer linear programming model with the goal of minimizing the total travel time of trains is formulated. Then, a strategy is introduced to reduce the number of constraints for improving the solved efficiency of the model. Finally, the performance, stability and practicability of the proposed method, as well as the impact of some main factors on the model are analyzed by numerous instances on both a constructed railway network and Guang-Zhu inter-city railway; they are solved using the commercial solver WebSphere ILOG CPLEX (International Business Machines Corporation, New York, NY, USA). Experimental results show that integrating multi-periodic train timetabling and routing can be conducive to improving the quality of a train timetable. Hence, good economic and social benefits for high-speed rail can be achieved, thus, further contributing to the sustained development of both high-speed railway systems and society.

scholarly journals Fertilizer distribution flows and logistic costs in Brazil: changes and benefits arising from investments in port terminals

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora da Costa Simões ◽  
José Vicente Caixeta-Filho ◽  
Udatta S. Palekar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Port System ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Current

This study analyzes the impact of anticipated investments to alter Brazilian port infrastructure on fertilizer flows and fertilizer transportation logistics costs using a linear programming model designed for the task. The most notable among these investments are directed toward accelerating port development in Brazil’s “Northern-Arc”, thereby increasing fertilizer supply to new markets opening throughout the country’s expanding agricultural frontier, particularly in northern Mato Grosso state, while increasing supply to existing markets. Results from model runs show that the anticipated port infrastructure investments should ensure nationwide fertilizer logistics savings of US$ 845 million over the 2017 through 2025 period. Although these estimated benefits are outstanding, the study indicates that further expansion of Brazil’s port system, particularly in the Northern-Arc, presents additional opportunities. Model projections were that in 2025, after all planned infrastructure improvements are operational, port terminals will be near full capacity, which should make planning for future projects a current priority.

scholarly journals PEMROGRAMAN LINEAR INTEGER DENGAN ENAM VARIABEL ORIENTASI KARGO UNTUK MASALAH MINIMISASI BIAYA PEMUATAN MULTI-KONTAINER

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Dian Pratiwi Sahar ◽  
Mohammad Thezar Afifudin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Mathematic Model ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Container Loading ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Cost Minimization Problem ◽  
The Given

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model matematika untuk masalah minimisasi biaya pemuatan multi-kontainer dengan enam variabel orientasi kargo. Masalah ini dirumuskan sebagai model pemrograman linier biner integer untuk meminimalkan biaya. Faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam formulasi termasuk alokasi kargo, lokasi kargo, hubungan kargo, dan orientasi kargo. Sedangkan, biaya yang dipertimbangkan termasuk biaya muatan volume kontainer ke kargo dan biaya transportasi kargo ke kontainer. Validasi model dilakukan melalui percobaan numerik pada ukuran kecil kargo dan kontainer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model dengan konsep orientasi kargo yang dikembangkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah sesuai dengan parameter numerik yang diberikan. Abstract[Integer Linear Programming with Six Cargo Orientation Variables for Multi-Container Loading Cost Minimization Problem] This research aims to develop the mathematic model for multi-container loading cost minimization problems with six cargo orientation variables. The problem is formulated as a binary integer linear programming model to minimize costs. The factors considered in the formulation include cargo allocation, cargo location, cargo relations, and cargo orientation. Whereas, the costs considered include the container volume load cost to cargo and the cargo transport cost to the container. Model validation is performed through numerical experiments on the small size of cargo and containers. The results show that the model with developed cargo orientation concept can solve the problem according to the given numerical parameters.Keywords: integer programming; cargo orientation; container loading; cost minimization

scholarly journals Application of zai and rock bunds in the northwest region of Burkina Faso: study of its impact on household level by using a stochastic linear programming model

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
A. Maatman ◽  
H. Sawadogo ◽  
C. Schweigman ◽  
A. Ouedraogo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Stochastic Linear Programming ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural production in the NW Burkina Faso is seriously endangered by soil erosion and an overall decline in soil fertility. In the past 15 years various anti-erosion methods have been adopted in this region with some success. The widespread promotion of rock bunds is an important example. Land conservation methods alone without increased efforts to maintain (or to increase) soil fertility levels does not suffice in the long run. The potential impact of a combination of rock bunds and zai, a local technology to improve water infiltration and efficiency of manure application, was investigated. The analysis is carried out at farm level with a stochastic linear programming model. It includes sequential decision making to cope with rainfall risks. The study shows the important potential of rock bunds and application of zai, and limitations due to labour and manure constraints. The techniques are largely applied on common fields. Changes in labour organization and use of manure have to be introduced before women may profit from these techniques on their individual fields. The results show that the impact on farm-level food security is more limited than is sometimes supposed on the basis of a simple extrapolation of plot-level results.

scholarly journals Optimum Cropping Pattern for Farmers of Bidar District, Karnataka.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4320-4326
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Small Farmer ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
The Impact

In the present study optimal solutions were found for net farm returns using Linear Programming model on the sample farmers of Bidar District.The LINGO 17.0 package was used to get the solutions. The sample was of 120 small and large farmers collected from 15 villages from five Tehsils. From each village eight farmers comprising small and large farmers were selected. A total of EIGHT models were developed. They were classified as small farmers S1, S2, S3, S4 and large farmers L1, L2, L3, and L4. The results were compared with existing cropping pattern of small and large farmers. The model S1, small farmers with existing technology and restricted capital registered an increase of in net returns per hectare by 27%, S2 small farmer with existing technology and relaxed capital, returns increased by 34%, S3 small farmer with recommended technology and restricted capital, returns increased by 55%, S4 small farmer with recommended technology and relaxed capital, the returns increased by 65% per hectare. Similarly the net returns per hectare in case of large farmers L1, L2, L3, L4 increased by 47%, 65%, 49%, 76% respectively. The impact of credit on net farm returns in small farmers was Rs: 8322 and the same in large farmers was Rs: 615276. The impact of credit on employment was seen in large farmers in terms of tractor power which rose to 256% followed by man days labour which was increased to 224 percent. It was noted that credit played an important role in augmenting income of farmers; the credit required was directly related to farm size while credit on income inversely related to farm size

scholarly journals Sub-regional linear programming models in land use analysis: a case study of the Neguev settlement, Costa Rica

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-109
Author(s):  
R.A. Schipper ◽  
D.M. Jansen ◽  
J.J. Stoorvogel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Palm Heart ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Soil Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Base Scenario ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with linear programming as a tool for land use analysis at the sub-regional level. A linear programming model of a case study area, the Neguev settlement in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica, is presented. The matrix of the model includes five submatrices each encompassing a different farm type. The farm types are distinguished on the basis of land-labour ratios, considering farm size and three different soil types, and assuming a fixed availability of household labour. Land use activities are defined as a combination of a land unit (three soil types, with or without forest cover) and land type (cassava, logged forest, maize, palm heart, pasture with cattle, pineapple, plantain and tree plantain). These represent land use systems with fixed input-output coefficients. Two indicators for sustainability are taken into account: soil nutrient depletion and biocide use. These are built into the model via constraints, marking upper limits to the use of renewable resources and to the waste flow into the environment. The linear programming model forms part of the USTED (Uso Sostenible de Tierras En el Desarrollo) methodology for the analysis and planning of sustainable land use. Several land use scenarios are analysed to assess whether the income of all farms in the Neguev can increase through an improved, and sustainable, land use. First, a base scenario is calculated to serve as a reference for assessing the impact of policy measures. A striking feature of the base scenario is the large area with palm heart in comparison to the actual area. Sustainability-related policy measures studied are increasing biocide prices, and quantitative restrictions on biocide use and soil nutrient losses. Doubling the biocide price hardly affects its use, while a quantitative restriction on the use of biocides per ha of 50% in comparison to the base scenario use, reduces average incomes by less than 1%. A similar conclusion applies to soil nutrient depletion. Restricted to 'critical nutrient losses' per year over a ten year period, specified per land unit per farm type, average incomes are reduced by less than 3%. Other scenarios concern the impact of decreasing palm heart prices, as a consequence of increased supply, the influence of increasing wages and the role of the discount rate.

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