scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Adult Survival, Reproduction, and Egg Hatch

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody A. Keena ◽  
Paul M. Moore ◽  
Gregg Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) is an invasive species that can damage many tree species in orchard, urban, and forested habitats. Adult survival, reproduction, and egg hatch of A. chinensis from Italy and China are evaluated at eight constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) under laboratory conditions. The estimated Tmax for longevity was 42 and 33 °C for females and 42 and 39 °C for males from China and Italy, respectively. The estimated Tmax, Tmin, and optimum temperature for fecundity were 35, 9, and 29 °C, respectively. Females laid eggs at 15–30 °C and eggs hatched at 15–35 °C. Days to first oviposition increased exponentially from 13 days at 30 °C to >300 days near 10 °C. The estimated Tmin for egg hatch was 13 °C, the Tmax at 38 °C, and the optimum 29 °C. Percentage hatch was estimated to be highest at 26 °C and have a Tmax of 31 °C and Tmin of 10 °C. These results indicate that summer temperatures over a wide range of latitudes should support beetle survival and reproduction, but at temperatures ≥35 °C, oviposition ceases, and adult survivorship declines. In addition, females may survive into the fall, but lay fewer eggs that may not hatch. These responses of A. chinensis to temperature can be used for developing phenological models to predict the timing of stages for management or eradication efforts.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature and Moisture Period on Infection of Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’ by Phytophthora ramorum

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Tooley ◽  
Marsha Browning ◽  
Kerrie L. Kyde ◽  
Dana Berner
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Gradient Plate ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Moisture Conditions

We investigated the temperature and moisture conditions that allow Phytophthora ramorum to infect Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’. Most experiments were performed with a single P. ramorum isolate from the NA1 clonal lineage. For whole plants incubated in dew chambers at 10 to 31°C, the greatest proportion of diseased leaves, 77.5%, occurred at the optimum temperature of 20.5°C. Disease occurred over the entire range of temperatures tested, although amounts of disease were minor at the temperature extremes. For whole plants exposed to varying dew periods at 20°C and then incubated at 20°C for 7 days, a dew period as short as 1 h resulted in a small amount of disease; however, at least 4 h of dew were required for >10% of the leaves to become diseased. Moisture periods of 24 and 48 h resulted in the greatest number of diseased leaves. In detached-leaf, temperature-gradient-plate experiments, incubation at 22°C resulted in the greatest disease severity, followed by 18°C and then 14°C. In detached-leaf, moisture-tent experiments, a 1-h moisture period was sufficient to cause disease on 67 to 73% of leaves incubated for 7 days at 20°C. A statistical model for disease development that combined the effects of temperature and moisture period was generated using nonlinear regression. Our results define temperature and moisture conditions which allow infection by P. ramorum on Cunningham's White rhododendron, and show that P. ramorum is able to infect this host over a wide range of temperatures and moisture levels. The results indicate that P. ramorum has the potential to become established in parts of the United States that are outside its current range.

Adult survival and reproduction in an arctic mite, Ameronothrus lineatus (Acari, Oribatida): effects of temperature and winter cold

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1579-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guldborg Søvik ◽  
Hans Petter Leinaas
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Positive Effect

Survival and reproduction of an arctic population of Ameronothrus lineatus were studied at four constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 21 °C). By simulating winters in the laboratory, an adult population was followed through 3 "years". Increasing temperatures reduced adult longevity. Females survived longer than males. A temperature of 15 °C was the most favourable for reproduction, with highest larviposition rate and reproductive output. Lifetime reproductive output was also high at 10 °C, while lower numbers of larvae at 21 °C indicated the beginning of heat stress. Comparison with field data showed that the reproductive performance at 15 °C corresponded to reproduction in a natural population experiencing a mean temperature of 8–9 °C, suggesting a positive effect of daily temperature fluctuations. A simulated winter with freezing temperatures increased male survival and positively affected all aspects of reproduction the following laboratory summer.

Effects of temperature on development and seasonality of Eudocima salaminia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in eastern Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. A. Sands ◽  
M. Schotz ◽  
A. S. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Adult Survival ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe durations for development for immature stages of the fruit piercing moth, Eudocima salaminia (Cramer), were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 15°C to 27°C and at ambient temperatures at a field site in southeastern Queensland over a 16 month period. At constant temperatures average heat requirements for: 50% eclosion of eggs were 62.4 day-degrees above 11°C, development of larvae to pupation were 246 day-degrees above 12°C, development of pupae to eclosion were 233 day-degrees above 12°C. For each stage there was no difference between day-degrees calculated at constant temperatures or at those in the field indicating no diapause in the immature stages. For adults, temperatures below 16°C during the activity period after dusk prevented feeding, mating and oviposition. Failure of E. salaminia to overwinter in south-eastern Australia in most years, was explained by the effects of low temperatures on egg hatch, larval, pupal and adult survival, reduced adult feeding, mating and cessation of oviposition.

Biscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) Canker or Dieback in Trees

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Paez ◽  
Jason A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quercus Spp

Biscogniauxia canker or dieback (formerly called Hypoxylon canker or dieback) is a common contributor to poor health and decay in a wide range of tree species (Balbalian & Henn 2014). This disease is caused by several species of fungi in the genus Biscogniauxia (formerly Hypoxylon). B. atropunctata or B. mediterranea are usually the species found on Quercus spp. and other hosts in Florida, affecting trees growing in many different habitats, such as forests, parks, green spaces and urban areas (McBride & Appel, 2009).  Typically, species of Biscogniauxia are opportunistic pathogens that do not affect healthy and vigorous trees; some species are more virulent than others. However, once they infect trees under stress (water stress, root disease, soil compaction, construction damage etc.) they can quickly colonize the host. Once a tree is infected and fruiting structures of the fungus are evident, the tree is not likely to survive especially if the infection is in the tree's trunk (Anderson et al., 1995).

The Biology of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Esler ◽  
Anna L. Jacobsen ◽  
R. Brandon Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Mediterranean Type Ecosystems

The world’s mediterranean-type climate regions (including areas within the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, California, and Chile) have long been of interest to biologists by virtue of their extraordinary biodiversity and the appearance of evolutionary convergence between these disparate regions. Comparisons between mediterranean-type climate regions have provided important insights into questions at the cutting edge of ecological, ecophysiological and evolutionary research. These regions, dominated by evergreen shrubland communities, contain many rare and endemic species. Their mild climate makes them appealing places to live and visit and this has resulted in numerous threats to the species and communities that occupy them. Threats include a wide range of factors such as habitat loss due to development and agriculture, disturbance, invasive species, and climate change. As a result, they continue to attract far more attention than their limited geographic area might suggest. This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to mediterranean-type ecosystems. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate these regions although their management, conservation, and restoration are also considered.

Glycogenolytic Enzymes of Cod (Gadus callarias) Muscle

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wide Range

Some properties of the enzymes amylase, phosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase in homogenates of cod muscle have been investigated. Amylase is activated by a short period of autolysis and by chloride ions; hydrolyses cod muscle glycogen at about half the rate it hydrolyses mussel glycogen; has an optimum temperature of 52 C for up to 5 hr incubation; and has a wide range of activity with maxima around pH 5.1 and between pH. 7.0 and 7.5. Using phloridzin, an estimate of the relative importance of hydrolytic and phosphorolytic cleavage of polysaccharide in cod muscle homogenates has been made. Phosphorylase shows two activity maxima at pH 5.5 and 6.7. The properties of phosphoglucomutase, with the exception of its pH activity, in cod muscle are similar to those reported for this enzyme in other tissues. Cod muscle phosphoglucomutase has maximum activity between pH 8 and 9.

scholarly journals Edge Growth Form of European Buckthorn Increases Isoprene Emissions From Urban Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarti P. Mistry ◽  
Adam W. T. Steffeck ◽  
Mark J. Potosnak
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Environmental Controls

Urban trees provide numerous benefits, such as cooling from transpiration, carbon sequestration, and street aesthetics. But volatile organic compound emissions from trees can combine with anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions to form ozone, a harmful air pollutant. The most commonly-emitted of these compounds, isoprene, negatively impacts air quality and hence is detrimental to human health. In addition to environmental controls such as light and temperature, the quantity of isoprene emitted from a leaf is a genus-specific trait. Leaf isoprene emission is enzymatically controlled, and species are typically classified as emitters or non-emitters (near-zero emission rates). Therefore, the species composition of urban forests affects whole-system isoprene production. The process of plant invasion alters species composition, and invasive tree species can be either emitters or non-emitters. If an invasive, isoprene-emitting tree species displaces native, non-emitting species, then isoprene emission rates from urban forests will increase, with a concomitant deterioration of air quality. We tested a hypothesis that invasive species have higher isoprene emission rates than native species. Using existing tree species inventory data for the Chicago region, leaf-level isoprene emission rates of the six most common invasive and native tree species were measured and compared. The difference was not statistically significant, but this could be due to the variability associated with making a sufficient number of measurements to quantify species isoprene emission rates. The most common invasive species European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, L.) was an emitter. Because European buckthorn often invades the disturbed edges common in urban forests, we tested a second hypothesis that edge-effect isoprene emissions would significantly increase whole-system modeled isoprene emissions. Using Google Earth satellite imagery to estimate forested area and edge length in the LaBagh Woods Forest Preserve of Cook County (Chicago, IL, USA), edge isoprene emission contributed 8.1% compared to conventionally modeled forest emissions. Our results show that the invasion of European buckthorn has increased isoprene emissions from urban forests. This implies that ecological restoration efforts to remove European buckthorn have the additional benefit of improving air quality.

scholarly journals Assessment of adaptive capacity of native and adventive species of trees and shrubs in Dnipro region

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
I. A. Ivanko ◽  
A. F. Kulik
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Acer Negundo ◽  
Ulmus Laevis

Nowadays, deterioration and loss of ecological functions of urban tree and shrub plantations take place in Europe and, in particular, in Ukraine; it was noted that their number is insufficient to counteract the negative impact of global climate change and protect the population against industrial pollution effects. The issue of resistance of native and adventitious tree species used in the plantations of industrial cities remains relevant; it necessitates the assessment of physiological and biochemical aspects of their adaptation to extreme environmental factors, such as moisture limit in the steppe zone, periodic dangerously low winter temperatures and anthropo-technogenic load (in large urban agglomerations). In order to optimize the assortment of tree species of large megalopolises of the steppe zone of Ukraine and determine their potential resistance to anthropogenic pressures the study was conducted in conditionally clean forest biogeocenoses of the Samara River levee zone and in artificial plantations on the territories located in the coastal zone of the Dnipro River within 1500 m from the Prydneprovskaya thermal electric station (PTES, Dnipro city). It well known that the TPP is the source of atmospheric air pollution by such heavy metals as lead and cadmium. A study of the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes in leaves of native and adventive tree species showed that in the zone of Prydneprovskaya TES impact there was an increase of guaiacol peroxidase activity in Acer platanoides, Ulmus minor, Morus alba; benzidine peroxidase in Acer negundo, Ulmus laevis, Acer platanoides; catalase in A. platanoides, A. negundo, U. laevis, Ulmus pumila and Robinia pseudoasasia. High peroxidase activity, which is complemented by higher catalase activity, indicates the relative resistance of these species to atropo-technogenic pressures supported by antioxidant defense mechanisms. Total chlorophyll content (Chla + Chlb) in leaves of native species Ulmus laevis, Acer platanoides and adventive Morus alba decreased in the zone of TPP impact in relation to conditionally clean areas. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in contaminated areas significantly increased in leaves of native species Ulmus laevis, Ulmus minor, Acer platanoides compared with control. The invasive species Acer negundo, Morus alba, Ulmus pumila had no significant changes in this indicator. In invasive species such as Ulmus pumila, Acer negundo there was an increase in leaf mass, which may indicate adaptation of these species to anthropogenically altered growth conditions.

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