scholarly journals Differences in Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Utilization in Leaves of the Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) According to Leaf Position

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Dongsu Choi ◽  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Hiroto Toda ◽  
Masato Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Robinia pseudoacacia L. has been widely planted worldwide for a variety of purposes, but it is a nonindigenous species currently invading the central part of Japanese river terraces. To understand and control this invasion, we investigated how this species invests nitrogen resources in different functions depending on the leaf location, and how these resources are used in physiological reactions such as photosynthesis. The Tama river terrace was examined in Tokyo, Japan. The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, Chl a/b ratio, leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCo) concentration were all significantly lower in shade leaves than in leaves exposed to the sun. Conversely, the net photosynthetic rate in saturated light conditions (Pmax), the net photosynthetic rate under enhanced CO2 concentration and light saturation (Amax), the maximum carboxylation rate of RuBisCo (Vcmax) and the maximum rate of electron transport driving RUBP regeneration (Jmax) were all significantly lower in shade leaves than in leaves exposed to the sun. We also found that RuBisCo/N and Chl/N were significantly less in shade leaves, and values of Jmax/N, Vcmax/N less in shade leaves than in sun leaves, but not significantly. Allocation of nitrogen in leaves to photosynthetic proteins, RuBisCo (NR) was broadly less in shade leaves, and NL (light-harvesting complex: LHC, photosystem I and II: PSI and PSII) and NE (electron transport) were also lower. The N remaining was much greater in shade leaves than in sun leaves. We suggest that N remobilization from RuBisCo is more efficient than remobilization from proteins of NE, and from NL. This study shows that R. pseudoacacia has an enhanced ability to adapt to environmental changes via characteristic changes in N allocation trade-offs and physiological traits in its sun and shade leaves.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of Tannin and Nutrient in Aegiceras corniculatum Leaves in Zhangjiang Mangrove Ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Minshen Huang ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Shudong Wei ◽  
Qi Zeng ◽  
Haichao Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Aegiceras Corniculatum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Seasonal dynamics of total phenolics (TP), extractable condensed tannins (ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins (PBCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins (FBCT), total condensed tannins (TCT) and nitrogen contents in sun and shade leaves of Aegiceras corniculatum were studied in the Zhangjiang Estuary, Fujian Province, China. The contents of TP, ECT and TCT in the sun leaves were significantly higher than those in the shade leaves through the season. The N content in sun leaves was higher than that in shade leaves in the autumn, while it was lower in the summer, and there was no significant difference in the winter and spring. With the respect to the P through the year, P content in the sun leaves was different between seasons, with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. In addition, the TP:N and ECT:N ratios in sun leaves were significantly higher than those in shade leaves except in autumn. High tannin levels and TP:N and ECT:N ratios in the sun leaves not only can reduce oxidative stress, but also improve the ability of resisting plant diseases and insect pests.

Influence of CO2 and SO2 on Growth and Structure of Photosystem II of the Chinese Tung-Oil Tree Aleurites montana

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. He ◽  
A. Radunz ◽  
K. P. Bader ◽  
G. H. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Light Harvesting Complex ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Three months old plants of the Chinese tung-oil tree Aleurites montana were cultivated for 4 months in air containing an increased amount of 700 ppm CO2. During the exposure to 700 ppm CO2 the plants exhibited a considerably stronger growth (30-40% ) in comparison to the control plants (grown in normal air). In these CO2-plants during the entire analyzing period the amount of soluble proteins, of soluble sugars and the chlorophyll content were lower than in control plants. The protein content, referred to leaf area, increased during this time in both plant types by approx. 50% but with a different time course. The increase is faster in CO2-plants compared to control plants, and ends up with similar values in both plants after 4 months. No difference is seen between sun and shade leaves. The chlorophyll content in both sun and shade leaves is 20% lower in CO2-plants. Whereas the chlorophyll content in sun leaves stays constant during developm ent, it has increased in shade leaves by 20% at the end of the 4 months period. The content of soluble sugars is lower in CO2-plants compared to control plants. The difference is bigger in sun leaves than in shade leaves. The ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content almost doubles within the experimentation period, but seems to be subject to large variations. CO2-plants contain in general less ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase than control plants. The content of coupling factor of photophosphorylation is 20% lower in CO2-plants when compared to control plants and remains during development more constant in CO2-plants. The molecular structure of the photosystem II-complex undergoes under the influence of the increased CO2-content a quantitative modification. The light harvesting complex (LHCP) and the extrinsic peptide with the molecular mass of 33 kDa increase in CO2-plants. Gassing with SO2 (0.3 ppm in air) leads to a strong damage of the plants. The damaging influence is already seen after 6 days and leads to a partial leaf-shedding of the tree. In the visually still intact remaining leaves the chlorophyll content referred to unit leaf area decreases by 63%, that of soluble sugars by 65%, the content of soluble proteins and that of Rubisco decrease by 26% and 36% respectively. The light harvesting complex and the chlorophyll- binding peptides (43 and 47 kDa) increase whereas the extrinsic peptides decrease. It looks as if the simultaneous application of SO2 (0.3 ppm) and increased CO2 (700 ppm) releaves the damaging effect of SO2. Plant growth does not exhibit a difference in comparison to control plants. Soluble proteins and chlorophyll increase by 27% and 33% and the ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content as well as that of soluble sugars increases by 18 respectively 14%. The peptide composition of photosystem II shows a quantitative modification. The LHCP increases and the chlorophyll-binding peptides and the peptides with a molecular mass smaller than 24 kDa are reduced. The quantity of extrinsic peptides appears unchanged. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the CF1-complex of Aleurites are immunochemically only partially identical to the corresponding enzymes of Nicotiana tabacum as demonstrated by tandem-cross-immune electrophoresis.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic performance and anatomical adaptations in Byrsonima sericea DC. under contrasting light conditions in a remnant of the Atlantic forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandra S. Silva ◽  
Jurandi G. Oliveira ◽  
Maura da Cunha ◽  
Angela P. Vitória
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis

The photosynthetic dynamics of the tropical pioneer species, Byrsonima sericea DC., were studied during the regeneration process of a native forest by evaluating ecophysiological (gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment contents) and anatomical parameters of plants in sunny and shady environments. Ecophysiological evaluations were carried out monthly for one year, encompassing both a dry and a rainy season. Byrsonima sericea DC. presents anatomical plasticity that enables it to establish in environments with contrasting light regimes. In sunny conditions, it produced a thicker leaf (about 420 mm) and flat adaxial epidermis, whilst in the shade, leaves had a thinner convex adaxial epidermis (about 395 mm). No differences were found in the compositions of the pigments in the different environments, however, during the dry season, the plants presented a significantly higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments. In the sun, plants showed decreases in Fv/F0 ratio (in the rainy season) and NPQ (in the dry season), but no difference was observed between plants that were in the sun or in the shade. A significantly higher net photosynthetic rate was found only in the rainy season in the plants in the sun, compared to shaded plants (9.9±0.8 and 7.4±0.3 µmol m-2s-1, respectively). Significant increase in transpiration was observed in plants in the shade during the dry season, but no alterations were observed in the water use efficiency. Ecophysiological data suggest that mainly plants overexposed to the sun underwent water limitations during the dry season and that, in the rainy season, these plants increased their net photosynthetic rate, possibly due to the greater drainage force resulting from increased growth during this period. Data suggest that anatomic alterations, namely the convex adaxial epidermis, could aid in the supply of light to shaded plants during both seasons, precluding changes in the pigments, such as the increase in chlorophyll b usually observed in shaded plants, but not detected in the present study. Another consequence of the greater quantity of light captured by these shade plants is that during the dry season their net photosynthetic rate was not different from that of plants in a sunny environment. However, when water was not a limiting factor, a better photosynthetic performance was observed in this pioneer specie in open spaces.

scholarly journals I. On the causes and ecological significance of stomatal frequency, with special reference to the woodland flora

1928 ◽  
Vol 216 (431-439) ◽  
pp. 1-65 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Apparent Discrepancy ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Numerical Variation ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Though numerous investigators have recorded observations on the number of stomata present in various species, comparatively little is known respecting the causes of their numerical variation. Studies on the “sun” and “shade” leaves of woodland plants brought to light the striking differences which the numerical frequency of stomata may exhibit in leaves of the same species when growing in different environments and even in different leaves of the same individual. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain the larger number of stomata in sun-leaves. These will be considered later, but we may note here the apparent discrepancy with the observations of Ziegeler that the leaves of the more xerophytic Carices possess fewer stomata than the leaves of those species characteristic of damper habitats. Spitzer obtained similar results from an examination of the Grasses and Adamson appears to have arrived at a similar conclusion with regard to the various species of Veronica studied by him (“Comparative anatomy of the leaves of certain species of Veronica,” Veronica " ‘Linn. Soc. Jour., Bot.,’ vol. XL, pp. 247-274, 1912).

scholarly journals Does selective logging affect the leaf structure of a late successional species?

Rodriguésia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Rodrigues Rabelo ◽  
Denise Espellet Klein ◽  
Maura Da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

The anatomical characteristics of both sun and shade leaves of Alseis pickelii were investigated in order to evaluate the consequences of selective logging (in seasonally dry Atlantic Forest) on the leaf structure of this species. Fully expanded sun and shade leaves were collected in two distinct stands of tabuleiro forest; a stand of recently logged forest and an unlogged stand. Only leaves from the unlogged stand revealed significantly different magnitudes of response to light regimes, producing leaves with structural characteristics associated with different levels of irradiance. The sun leaves from this stand had a thicker adaxial surface, mesophyll, palisade and spongy parenchyma, a secondary cell wall of fibers and a lower leaf area compared with the shade leaves. However, in the logged stand, the leaf cuticles of sun and shade leaves showed no significant differences, although the leaf area of the sun leaves was higher than the shade leaves. According to these data, we concluded that the unlogged stand produced typical "sun" and "shade" leaves. In contrast, leaves from the logged stand showed a lower variation of types, where neither typical "sun" nor typical "shade" leaves were produced, suggesting lower leaf plasticity of this late successional tree in this area.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and physiological analyses provide insights into the leaf epicuticular wax accumulation mechanism in yellowhorn

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Xiaojuan Liu ◽  
Mengke Wang ◽  
Quanxin Bi ◽  
Yifan Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Coexpression Network ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Germplasm Resources ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

AbstractPlantations and production of yellowhorn, one of the most important woody oil and urban greening trees widely cultivated in northern China, have gradually become limited by drought stress. The epicuticular wax layer plays a key role in the protection of yellowhorn trees from drought and other stresses. However, there is no research on the mechanism of wax loading in yellowhorn trees. In this study, we investigated the anatomical and physiological characteristics of leaves from different germplasm resources and different parts of the same tree and compared their cuticle properties. In addition, the different expression patterns of genes involved in wax accumulation were analyzed, and a coexpression network was built based on transcriptome sequencing data. Morphological and physiological comparisons found that the sun leaves from the outer part of the crown had thicker epicuticular wax, which altered the permeability and improved the drought resistance of leaves, than did shade leaves. Based on transcriptome data, a total of 3008 and 1324 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the sun leaves and shade leaves in glossy- and non-glossy-type germplasm resources, respectively. We identified 138 DEGs involved in wax biosynthesis and transport, including structural genes (such as LACS8, ECH1, and ns-LTP) and transcription factors (such as MYB, WRKY, and bHLH transcription factor family proteins). The coexpression network showed a strong correlation between these DEGs. The differences in gene expression patterns between G- and NG-type germplasm resources under different light conditions were very clear. These results not only provide a theoretical basis for screening and developing drought-resistant yellowhorn germplasm resources but also provide a data platform to reveal the wax accumulation process of yellowhorn leaves.

scholarly journals Physiological aspects of sun and shade leaves of Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Dias ◽  
José Antonio Pimenta ◽  
Moacyr Eurípedes Medri ◽  
Maria Regina Torres Boeger ◽  
Claudinei Toledo de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Physiological Parameter ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

The aim of this work was to compare the physiological parameters of sun and shade leaves of a specimen of L. molleoides. The higher-positional leaves, classified as sun leaves, presented similar photosynthetic rate, lower chlorophyill contents (a, b and total), same a chlorophyll /b chlrorophyll rate, lower transpiratory rate, same stomatal conductance and intercellular concentration of CO2 as the lower-positional leaves, classified as shade leaves. Nutrient concentration, except for Ca and Mg, was the same for both sun and shade leaves.The physiological parameter responses indicated that although receiving lower light intensity, the shade leaves had the same capacity to grow and develop as the sun leaves.

scholarly journals Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings to Different Light Intensities

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1361-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze Li ◽  
Kai Shi ◽  
Fanhang Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Hongxu Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Tung Tree ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Vernicia Fordii ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Mutual Shading ◽  
Lower Light

As a result of its high photosynthetic efficiency, the tung tree (Vernicia fordii) is a fast-growing heliophile, yielding fruit within 3 years. In addition, tung oil extracted from the fruit seeds is an environmentally friendly paint used widely in China. However, mutual shading inside a tung tree canopy leads to a low yield of fruit because of weak or dead lower branches. In this project, a pot experiment was conducted to understand the growth, physiological, anatomical structure, and biochemical responses of tung trees under various shading levels. Tung tree seedlings were subjected to different light intensities—100% sunlight (no cover), L100; 75% sunlight (25% shading), L75; 50% sunlight (50% shading), L50; and 20% sunlight (80% shading), L20—from June to August. Results indicate that the L75 treatment reduced significantly the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration rate (E), total aboveground and root dry weight (DW), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), and maximum rate of electron transport at saturating irradiance (Jmax) compared with the control, although plant height and leaf area (LA) were not reduced. Lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of treatment led to greater reduction in growth, leaf thickness, and photosynthetic potential (Amax and Jmax). Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll content were increased in the L50 and L20 treatments compared with L100 and L75. There was no significant reduction in the enzyme activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPC) of the seedlings using the L75 treatment; however, lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of shade treatment resulted in a significant reduction in enzyme activity. In summary, the results suggest that tung trees have greater photosynthetic activity under high light intensity. Shading, even at 20%, especially for the longer term, reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth. To prevent growth reduction, tung trees should be grown under full sun with a daily light integral (DLI) of ≈46 mol·m‒2·d‒1, and mutual shading should be avoided by proper spacing and pruning.

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