scholarly journals Multi-Time Scale Evaluation of Forest Water Conservation Function in the Semiarid Mountains Area

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Zhiyin Wang ◽  
Jiansheng Cao ◽  
Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Forest Patch ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Services ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Hydrological Response Unit ◽  
Annual Scale

Forest water conservation function is an important part of forest ecosystem services. The discontinuous distribution of forests in semiarid areas brings difficulties to the quantitative evaluation of forest water conservation functions at the basin scale. In this paper, we took the upstream of Xiong’an New Area (Zijingguan—ZJG, Zhongtangmei—ZTM and Fuping—FP basins) as an example and combine the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and the water balance method to calculate the amount of forest water conservation (AFWC) at annual, monthly and daily scales from 2007 to 2017, and analyzed the changes of AFWC. The results showed that the hydrological response unit (HRU) generated with the threshold area zero can accurately reflect the forest patch distribution in the three basins. On an annual scale, the annual AFWC were all positive in ZJG and ZTM basins from 2007 to 2017. While, the annual AFWC in the FP basin was negative in 2009, 2013, 2014 and 2017. On a monthly scale, the positive values of AFWC mainly appear from June to September, and the negative values of AFWC mainly appear from December to March. On a daily scale, the AFWC during extreme precipitation was positive, while that was negative during extreme drought. The annual and monthly AFWC in the three basins was positively correlated with the wetness index, and FP basin needs more humid climate conditions than ZJG and ZTM basins to make the forest store water and keep in a stable water storage state. The above results can not only provide important insight into sustainable forest and water resources management in the region, but also serve as reference cases for other regions to carry out relevant research work.

scholarly journals Spatial-temporal pattern study on water conservation function using the SWAT model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyin Wang ◽  
Jiansheng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Water Assessment

Abstract The performance of the water conservation function (WCF) affects the water supply and flood control capabilities of an ecosystem. In this study, we combined the water balance method with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to calculate the water conservation amount (WCF) upstream of the Xiong'an New Area (Zijingguan-ZJG, Zhongtangmei-ZTM, and Fuping-FP basins) at annual and monthly scales from 2007 to 2017 and used multiple linear regression and geographic detector models to analyze the factors affecting the temporal changes and spatial pattern of the water conservation amount (WCA). Our results reveal that the annual WCAs of the ZTM basin are all positive, while the WCAs of the ZJG and FP basins have negative values in drought years. The annual WCAs in the upstream of each basin have changed between positive and negative values. On the monthly scale, all areas of the ZJG, ZTM, and FP basins have positive and negative value conversions of WCA between the rainy and non-rainy seasons. Precipitation, evapotranspiration, and their combined effects are the main factors leading to the temporal changes and spatial patterns of WCA in the study area. The above results can provide reference cases for other regions to carry out relevant research work.

Sewage Treatment in Helophyte Beds–First Experiences with a New Treatment Procedure

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bucksteeg
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Operation Conditions

Waste water treatment in helophyte beds under humid climate conditions has been favoured by some German ecologists for some years. The idea is to cause waste water to flow horizontally through the root zone of helophytes to achieve satisfactory effluent properties. There exist many highly different proposals regarding the choice of soil and helophytes to be applied, bed area, design of inlets and outlets and operation conditions. A few plants have been operated in practice for some years. It appears that clogging is one of the main problems occurring in these plants. The hydraulic uptake capacity of soil is discussed in Darcy's law. Comparisons with observations of plants in operation are drawn. The interactions between soil properties, its uptake capacity, BOD5-, COD-, N- and P-reduction are evaluated. The effluent results of helophyte beds are compared with those of low-loaded trickling filters and of ponds used for sewage treatment in small villages in rural areas of Germany. It has been proved that the total construction costs of sewage treatment plants with helophyte beds used as the biological stage are higher when compared with those of conventional plants in general.

scholarly journals A Review of SWAT Model Application in Africa

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1313
Author(s):  
George Akoko ◽  
Tu Hoang Le ◽  
Takashi Gomi ◽  
Tasuku Kato
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Basin Scale

The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is a well-known hydrological modeling tool that has been applied in various hydrologic and environmental simulations. A total of 206 studies over a 15-year period (2005–2019) were identified from various peer-reviewed scientific journals listed on the SWAT website database, which is supported by the Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD). These studies were categorized into five areas, namely applications considering: water resources and streamflow, erosion and sedimentation, land-use management and agricultural-related contexts, climate-change contexts, and model parameterization and dataset inputs. Water resources studies were applied to understand hydrological processes and responses in various river basins. Land-use and agriculture-related context studies mainly analyzed impacts and mitigation measures on the environment and provided insights into better environmental management. Erosion and sedimentation studies using the SWAT model were done to quantify sediment yield and evaluate soil conservation measures. Climate-change context studies mainly demonstrated streamflow sensitivity to weather changes. The model parameterization studies highlighted parameter selection in streamflow analysis, model improvements, and basin scale calibrations. Dataset inputs mainly compared simulations with rain-gauge and global rainfall data sources. The challenges and advantages of the SWAT model’s applications, which range from data availability and prediction uncertainties to the model’s capability in various applications, are highlighted. Discussions on considerations for future simulations such as data sharing, and potential for better future analysis are also highlighted. Increased efforts in local data availability and a multidimensional approach in future simulations are recommended.

Elaboration of weatherproof steel 06гн3мд for structures of bridges exploited in coastal zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 811-819
Author(s):  
G. A. Kunitsin ◽  
А. А. Pridein ◽  
O. V. Samokhina ◽  
D. V. Nizhel’skii ◽  
E. M. Gitman
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Climate Conditions

At present decreasing of costs and increasing of efficiency are the most priority directions in any industry. Developing in this way, JSC “Ural steel” together with FGUP “CNIIchermet after I.P. Barding” had mastered production of sheet metal product with increased resistivity against atmosphere corrosion made of steel 14ХГНДЦ for construction of bridges. Because of specific chemical composition of the steel, in the process of metal structures running in the open air, a solid strong oxide film is formed on the metal of the structures which prevents further corrosion without painting. For bridge builders elimination of costly operation of painting of span structures will enable to decrease considerably the costs of bridges construction and running. Having many advantages, steel 14ХГНДЦ has some restrictions in applications for steel structures without painting, as follows: - in sea zone according to domestic norms no close than 500 m from coastline; - in case of disorderly conditions of protective film formation and/or application of salt solutions for surface cleaning (as a rule the restrictions refer to traffic area of bridge span). In view of that for JSC “Ural Steel”, as the leading producer of bridge steel in Russia, an actual task erose: to elaborate and create a weatherproof steel, which could not only operate the whole period of a bridge running without additional protection at bridges con­struction through sea areas or close to coastline, but also withstand severe climate conditions of our country, including areas of High North with temperature lower -50°С. To solve the task together with OJSC “Institute Giprostroymost” and JSC BNIIZhT, a research work was accomplished to elaborate a system of alloying new steel 06ГН3МД with nickel content ~3.0 %, as well as production modes ensuring required corrosion resistance for operation in sea zone. Results of laboratory studies of the new weatherproof steel 06ГН3МД for application in bridge  structures for coastal conditions and sea areas presented. Results of mechanical, technological, corrosion as well as fatigue tests of rolling products of the elaborated steel presented. It was established by laboratory studies that the new steel is weatherproofed and ensures lower corrosion losses, higher impact toughness at negative temperatures and plasticity comparing with steels used at present. It was shown that the strength class, technology and modes of factory welding of steel 06ГН3МД meet the  requirements to steel span structures of bridges. Base on the results of the studies, the chemical composition of the steel 06ГН3МД was specified, as well as modes of heat treatment, ensuring the required characteristics with significant acceding. It was established that samples of the new steel 06ГН3МД showed considerably higher corrosion resistance - in average by 20% comparing with steel 14ХГНДЦ. At that corrosion resistance tests of welded joints of the new steel showed even higher resistance of the seam comparing with the basic metal, which speaks about quality selection of welding modes and welding materials.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Changes in Climate, Land Use and Direct Human Activity on the Discharge in Qingshui River Basin, China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3147
Author(s):  
Mengxue Zhang ◽  
Radosław Stodolak ◽  
Jianxin Xia
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Annual Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Assessment ◽  
Main Factor

Climate, land use and human activity have an impact on the Qingshui River in Chongli County. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to separately analyze the contributions of climate, land use and direct human activity on the discharge variations. The results indicated that human activity had been the dominant factor for the discharge decrease, while climate and land use change had a positive influence on the discharge increase. The contributions of these three factors were −56.24%, 38.59% and 5.17%, respectively. Moreover, on the seasonal scale, the impact of those factors was consistent with their impact on the annual scale. Human activity was the main factor for discharge decrease in the summer, the contribution accounting for −77.13%. Due to the over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation and use in the mining industry, the discharge showed a decreasing tendency, which has the potential to place stress on sustainable water use in the future. The result of the study may contribute to the optimization of water resource allocation and management.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Design Considerations to Achieve Thermal Comfort in Warm Humid Climatic Zone of West Bengal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1912-1917
Author(s):  
Pritam Roy
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Climatic Zone ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Building Orientation ◽  
Design Factors

Abstract: This research paper presents the investigation of design consideration to achieve thermal comfort and the warm humid climatic zone of West Bengal is considered as the primary study area for the investigation. The varying thermal comfort behavior of humans in different climate conditions and seasons clearly demonstrates that the building design strategy must conform with the region of the building. In this paper, first studying the climatic characteristics of the warm humid region design factors are selected like building materials, cross ventilation, building orientation, roofing orientation, and materials, etc. After that, all those design factors are studied and the effect of all those factors on building in various conditions is observed. Keywords: Warm Humid Climate, Thermal Comfort, Building Materials, U-value, Cross Ventilation, Building Orientation

scholarly journals Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity Loss in Palghar and Thane Districts of Maharashtra

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Shejale ◽  
◽  
S. B. Nandgude ◽  
S. S. Salunkhe ◽  
M. A. Phadtare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Soil And Water

Present research work was carried out on soil erosion and crop productivity loss in Palghar and Thane districts. The study also describes tolerable soil loss and relationship between top-soil loss and yield loss. The estimated average annual soil loss was 40.45 t ha-1yr-1 before adoption of the soil and water conservation measures (by USLE method) and estimated average tolerable soil loss was 9.36 t ha-1 yr-1, for Palghar district. Similarly, for Thane district the estimated average annual soil loss and tolerable soil loss were found to be 35.89 t ha-1 yr-1 and 9.61 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively for Thane district. The estimated average conservation practice factor (P) factors were obtained as 0.32 for Palghar district and 0.30 for Thane district to bring the soil loss below the tolerable limit. After adoption of soil and water conservation measures, the estimated soil loss were 9.02 t ha-1 yr-1 and 9.38 t ha-1 yr-1 for Palghar and Thane districts, respectively.

scholarly journals Use of decision Tables to Simulate Management in Ecohydrological Models

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Arnold ◽  
Katrin Bieger ◽  
Michael J. White ◽  
Raghavan Srinivasan ◽  
John A. Dunbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Irrigation Application ◽  
Reservoir Models ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Rule Sets ◽  
Decision Tables

Decision tables have been used for many years in data processing and business applications to simulate complex rule sets. Several computer languages have been developed based on rule systems and they are easily programmed in several current languages. Land management and river-reservoir models simulate complex land management operations and reservoir management in highly regulated river systems. Decision tables are a precise yet compact way to model the rule sets and corresponding actions found in these models. In this study, we discuss the suitability of decision tables to simulate management in the river basin scale Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) model. Decision tables are developed to simulate automated irrigation and reservoir releases. A simple auto irrigation application of decision tables was developed using plant water stress as a condition for irrigating corn in Texas. Sensitivity of the water stress trigger and irrigation application amounts were shown on soil moisture and corn yields. In addition, the Grapevine Reservoir near Dallas, Texas was used to illustrate the use of decision tables to simulate reservoir releases. The releases were conditioned on reservoir volumes and flood season. The release rules as implemented by the decision table realistically simulated flood releases as evidenced by a daily NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency) of 0.52 and a percent bias of -1.1%. Using decision tables to simulate management in land, river and reservoir models was shown to have several advantages over current approaches including: 1) mature technology with considerable literature and applications, 2) ability to accurately represent complex, real world decision making, 3) code that is efficient, modular and easy to maintain, and 4) tables that are easy to maintain, support, and modify.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document