scholarly journals Erratum: Perry, K.I., et al. Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrates to Gap Formation and Accumulation of Woody Debris from Invasive Species, Wind, and Salvage Logging Running Title: Perry and Herms: Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrates. Forests 2017, 8, 174

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1355
Author(s):  
Kayla I. Perry ◽  
Daniel A. Herms
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Salvage Logging

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scholarly journals Dynamic Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrate Communities to Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Perry ◽  
Daniel Herms
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Invertebrate Communities ◽  
Debris Accumulation

In forest ecosystems, natural and anthropogenic disturbances alter canopy structure, understory vegetation, amount of woody debris, and the properties of litter and soil layers. The magnitude of these environmental changes is context-dependent and determined by the properties of the disturbance, such as the frequency, intensity, duration, and extent. Therefore, disturbances can dynamically impact forest communities over time, including populations of ground-dwelling invertebrates that regulate key ecosystem processes. We propose conceptual models that describe the dynamic temporal effects of canopy gap formation and coarse woody debris accumulation following disturbances caused by invasive insects, wind, and salvage logging, and their impacts on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities. Within this framework, predictions are generated, literature on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities is synthesized, and pertinent knowledge gaps identified.

scholarly journals Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrates to Gap Formation and Accumulation of Woody Debris from Invasive Species, Wind, and Salvage Logging

Forests ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Invertebrate Communities

Natural and anthropogenic disturbances alter canopy structure, understory vegetation, amount of woody debris, and the litter and soil layers in forest ecosystems. These environmental changes impact forest communities, including ground-dwelling invertebrates that are key regulators of ecosystem processes. Variation in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial scale of disturbances affect the magnitude of these environmental changes and how forest communities and ecosystems are impacted over time. We propose conceptual models that describe the dynamic temporal effects of disturbance caused by invasive insects, wind, and salvage logging on canopy gap formation and accumulation of coarse woody debris (CWD), and their impacts on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities. In the context of this framework, predictions are generated and their implications for ground-dwelling invertebrate communities are discussed.

scholarly journals The importance of coarse woody debris in dynamic phases exposure in the beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands of Hyrcanian forests

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 408-422
Author(s):  
Vahid Etemad ◽  
Mohsen Javanmiri pour ◽  
Zeinab Foladi
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Natural Stands

In a natural forest, phases of different dynamics are gradually replaced to create sustainability in the stands. Coarse woody debris is among the most significant structural elements of natural stands that perform an influential position in the identification of dynamic phases. Therefore, the focus of this study is on dead wood conditioning as one of the major structural components in determining the various dynamic phases in the northern forests of Iran as part of the temperate forests. For this study, compartment 326 of Gorazbon District was considered as one of the control parcels of Kheyroud Forest. In this parcel, 25 one-hectare sample plots were selected as permanent plots for a long-term forest structure and succession studies. The coarse woody debris by 100% sampling method was measured. The results showed that there are 8 main phases in this area (gap formation, understorey initiation, stem exclusion, volume accumulation, volume degradation, multiple, lighting, old-growth). The extensive forest area (52%) is located in the understorey initiation and stem exclusion phases. The results also showed that the total average volume of snags and logs was 41.5 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>–1</sup>. Furthermore, the mean dead wood volume in decay classes 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 10.33, 12.22, 9.15 and 83.9 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. The average frequency of dead trees in the diameter classes smaller than 25 cm, 25–50 cm and in the diameter class more than 50 cm is 25.79, 6.93, and 4.88. The significance analysis results obtained by ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference between volume, snag and log stock and the shape of dead wood in various dynamic phases. Therefore, in general, dead wood in the forest differs according to habitat, evolutionary stage (dynamic phases), standing volume and species diversity of the tree species.

scholarly journals Forest structure following tornado damage and salvage logging in northern Maine, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Fraver ◽  
Kevin J. Dodds ◽  
Laura S. Kenefic ◽  
Rick Morrill ◽  
Robert S. Seymour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Salvage Operation ◽  
Salvage Logging

Understanding forest structural changes resulting from postdisturbance management practices such as salvage logging is critical for predicting forest recovery and developing appropriate management strategies. In 2013, a tornado and subsequent salvage operations in northern Maine, USA, created three conditions (i.e., treatments) with contrasting forest structure: blowdown, blowdown + salvage, and control (undisturbed). We sampled forest structure in five stands representing each of these three treatments. Our results document obvious and predictable changes to forest structure caused by the blowdown and salvage operations; however, they also include unexpected findings: downed coarse woody debris volume remained quite high in the salvaged areas, although its vertical distribution was markedly reduced; salvage operations did not reduce fine woody debris volume; and the salvage operation itself reduced the abundance of upturned root masses. Our study contributes to a growing body of literature highlighting the fact that outcomes of salvage operations vary considerably from situation to situation. Nevertheless, they suggest that salvage logging has important implications for residual stand structure and regeneration potential and that these implications should be considered carefully when weighing postdisturbance management options.

scholarly journals A Forest in Transition: The Role of Small-scale Disturbances

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Kira Hoffman ◽  
Carley Coccola ◽  
Kimberly House ◽  
Annie Markvoort
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Glacier National Park ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Age Classes

Large and small scale natural disturbances shape and define characteristics of forest stands. This research examines the response of a western hemlock stand following small-scale gap-producing events in Glacier National Park, British Columbia. The study used a megaplot with three individual quadrats to analyze dendrochronological, tree mensuration, vegetation and soil profile data. Results confirmed that three distinct age classes (new gap, intermediate gap, mature forest) were present, and that growth releases in dominant and sub-dominant trees corresponded with probable gap formation events. Productivity increased in new gaps and stand dynamics varied greatly in new- and intermediate- aged gaps. The dominant regeneration of western hemlock species on coarse woody debris is supported by small-scale disturbances, creating transitional forests in Glacier National Park.

scholarly journals Structural characteristics of wet montane forests in east-central British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C DeLong ◽  
J M Arocena ◽  
H B Massicotte
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Salvage Logging

Structural characteristics of forest stands were examined along a post-fire age chronosequence for wet montane sub-boreal and sub-alpine forests in the northern portion of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. The objective was to develop criteria that could be used to assess the extent to which managed stands approximate the structural characteristics of natural stands. Twelve and fifteen stands were sampled in wet montane sub-boreal and high-elevation subalpine forests, respectively. Tree density, variation in tree size, snag density by size class and coarse woody debris volume were examined for young (0–70 years), mature (71–140 years), and old (> 140 years) stands. Apart from a general increase in average tree size and a decrease in snag density, changes in other stand attributes over time since disturbance were limited, especially when compared to forests in drier climates at similar latitudes. The combination of low density and large variability in tree size of the young wet montane sub-boreal stands appear to be unusual for low elevation forests that originate from stand-replacing wildfire. In the study area, current management practices of salvage-logging fire-killed stands and planting relatively high densities of spruce on harvested sites should be examined in light of our data. This study illustrates the importance of developing area-specific ecosystem management guidelines relating to stand structure. Key words: stand structure, woody debris, snags, Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, wildlife habitat

scholarly journals Postfire Burnt-Wood Management Affects Plant Damage by Ungulate Herbivores

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Castro
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Burnt Wood ◽  
Experimental Plots

I analyze the effect of post-fire burnt wood management on herbivore attack on a woody plant species (Ulex parviflorus). Two experimental plots of ca. 20 hectares were established at two elevations in a burnt area in a Mediterranean mountain (Sierra Nevada, Spain). Three replicates of three treatments differing in post-fire burnt wood management were established per plot: “no intervention” (NI, all trees remained standing), “partial cut plus lopping” (PCL, felling the trees, cutting the main branches, and leaving all the biomassin situ), and “salvage logging” (SL; removal of logs and elimination of woody debris). Risk of herbivory and damage intensity were monitored for two years. The pattern of attack by ungulate herbivores varied among treatments and years. In any case, there was an overall reduction in the risk of herbivory in the PCL treatment, presumably because the highest habitat complexity in this treatment hampered ungulate movement and foraging. As a result, the burnt logs and branches spread over the ground acted as a physical barrier that protected seedlings from herbivores. This protection may be used for the regeneration of shrubs and trees, and it is of interest for the regeneration of burnt sites either naturally or by reforestation.

Short-term impact of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, hazardous fuel accumulation, and understorey development in ponderosa pine forests of the Black Hills, SD, USA

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara L. Keyser ◽  
Frederick W. Smith ◽  
Wayne D. Shepperd
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Understorey Vegetation ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Ponderosa Pine Forests ◽  
Fuel Accumulation

We examined the impacts of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, fuel accumulation, and understorey vegetation and assessed whether the effects of salvage logging differed between stands burned under moderate and high fire severity following the 2000 Jasper Fire in the Black Hills. In unsalvaged sites, fire-related tree mortality created a large standing pool of available fuel, resulting in a rapid increase in surface fuel loads. After 5 years, fine woody debris (FWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) increased ~1380% and 980% in unsalvaged sites, resulting in FWD and CWD loads of 13 and 25 Mg ha–1, respectively. In contrast, salvage logging limited the rate of accumulation of FWD to ~110% over the same time period and total accumulation of CWD to 16 Mg ha–1. In moderate-severity sites, regeneration was 75% lower in salvaged sites owing to low seed-tree retention, suggesting a re-evaluation of salvage guidelines during future operations in the Black Hills. The likelihood of timely regeneration in high-severity sites, regardless of salvage treatment, is low. We found no discernible effect of salvage logging on understorey development 5 years after fire. Logging caused neither a reduction in total plant cover nor an increase in the abundance of exotic species.

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