scholarly journals The Effect of Crown Social Class on Bark Thickness and Sapwood Moisture Content in Norway Spruce

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Luka Krajnc ◽  
Jožica Gričar
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
The Relationship

The research study examined the effect of tree properties (crown social class, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height) on bark thickness (BT) and sapwood moisture content (SMC) in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). Both examined variables were shown to be positively affected by DBH and tree height. The relationship between DBH and SMC varied among crown social classes, while the relationship between DBH and BT was relatively constant across crown social classes. Crown social class had a relatively small effect on BT and SMC, having a more pronounced effect on SMC than on BT. The relationship between tree height and BT did not vary across crown social classes, while the relationship between SMC and tree height was found to change slightly across crown social classes. Measurements of BT and SMC in the field are affordable, fast, and easy to use. Both variables could potentially be used to improve predictions of bark beetle attacks, as they reflect the physiological state of an individual tree.

Modeling individual tree height to diameter ratio for Norway spruce and European beech in Czech Republic

Trees ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1969-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram P. Sharma ◽  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Stanislav Vacek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Individual Tree

The Effects of Social Class on the Uptake of Orthodontic Treatment

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Kenealy ◽  
Neil Frude ◽  
William Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Dental Services ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Middle Class People

The relationship between social class and uptake of orthodontic treatment was investigated in a longitudinal cohort study of 1018 children living in South Glamorgan, Wales. Previous studies have shown that working class people make less use of dental services and receive inferior dental care than middle class people. The present investigation examined the role of one factor which appears likely to contribute to this effect: namely, the uptake of orthodontic treatment by families from different social classes. If a significant association were shown then findings relating to the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment might be confounded by this social class factor.

The accuracy of estimating individual tree variables with airborne laser scanning in a boreal nature reserve

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1791-1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Maltamo ◽  
K Mustonen ◽  
J Hyyppä ◽  
J Pitkänen ◽  
X Yu
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Layer ◽  
Pine Trees

This study examines the ability of high-density laser scanning to produce single-tree estimates in mixed stands of heterogeneous structure. Individual trees were detected from a constructed digital canopy height model by locating local maxima of the height values. The reference material comprised accurately measured field data for 10 mapped sample plots containing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and different birches. To verify the accuracy of height measurements of single trees in more detail, the height of 29 Scots pine trees and their annual shoots of the last few years was carefully measured with a tacheometer and a glass fibre rod. The considered variables were the proportion of detected trees and tree height. As more than 80% of the dominant trees were detected, the results indicated that laser scanning can accurately describe the trees of the dominant tree layer. Because of the dense understorey tree layer in most of the sample plots, about 40% of all trees were detected. On the plot level, the stand structure affected the accuracy of the results considerably. The scanning-based tree height was most accurate for Norway spruce and least accurate for birches. The height of the separately measured 29 Scots pine trees was obtained with an accuracy of ±50 cm or better.

scholarly journals Modelling individual tree height to crown base of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. e0186394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram P. Sharma ◽  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Stanislav Vacek ◽  
Vilém Podrázský ◽  
Václav Jansa
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

scholarly journals Social Class, Group-Based Anger, and Collective Action Intentions in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Li ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Shenlong Yang ◽  
Yongyu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Class Group ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Lower Social Class ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Subjective Social Class ◽  
The Relationship

This research examines the anger and collective action intentions among different social classes in China. Based on social cognition theory with respect to social class, we proposed that the relationship between group-based anger and collective action intentions would be moderated by social class. To test this hypothesis, two studies were conducted. First, using data collected from a sample of 100 residents of Hubei Province, China, Study 1 found that the relationship between group-based anger and collective action intentions was moderated by social class: group-based anger can predict collective action intentions among the upper social class but not among the lower social class. Then, Study 2 employed a 2 × 2 completely randomised design. Its 118 participants were manipulated to experience a momentary change in their subjective social class and the level of their group-based anger before measuring their collective action intentions. The results were consistent with Study 1. Taken together, the findings suggest that social class does moderate the relationship between group-based anger and collective action intentions.

scholarly journals Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Selection of Superior Genotypes in a 12-Year-Old Clonal Norway Spruce Field Trial after Phenotypic Assessment Using a UAV

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Mateusz Liziniewicz ◽  
Liviu Theodor Ene ◽  
Johan Malm ◽  
Jens Lindberg ◽  
Andreas Helmersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Additive Regression

Height is a key trait in the indices applied when selecting genotypes for use in both tree breeding populations and production populations in seed orchards. Thus, measurement of tree height is an important activity in the Swedish Norway spruce breeding program. However, traditional measurement techniques are time-consuming, expensive, and often involve work in bad weather, so automatization of the data acquisition would be beneficial. Possibilities for such automatization have been opened by advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology. Therefore, to test its applicability in breeding programs, images acquired by a consumer-level UAV (DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0) system were used to predict the height and breast height diameter of Norway spruce trees in a 12-year-old genetic field trial established with 2.0 × 2.0 m initial spacing. The tree heights were also measured in the field using an ultrasonic system. Three additive regression models with different numbers of predictor variables were used to estimate heights of individual trees. On stand level, the average height estimate derived from UAV data was 2% higher than the field-measured average. The estimation of family means was very accurate, but the genotype-level accuracy, which is crucial for selection in the Norway spruce breeding program, was not high enough. There was just ca. 60% matching of genotypes in groups selected using actual and estimated heights. In addition, heritability values calculated from the predicted values were underestimated and overestimated for height and diameter, respectively, with deviations from measurement-based estimates ranging between −19% and +12%. However, the use of more sophisticated UAV and camera equipment could significantly improve the results and enable automatic individual tree detection.

scholarly journals MENGAJUKAN ANALISIS KELAS SOSIAL DALAM MEMBACA IKLAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Arizal Mutahir
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Social Class ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lower Social Class ◽  
The Relationship

Many studies on advertising in Indonesia have been conducted. The discussions are mostly about the influence of advertising on consumers. However, such studies often slip into a deterministic understanding. Actions are understood as behaviors merely influenced by external factors. The study of advertising deals with the relationship between the subject's intentions, actions, and the meanings contained in the advertisement. Thus, it not only discusses the influence of advertising on consumption behavior, but also requires a study of representation in advertising. Unfortunately, some studies of advertising representation have not touched the theme of the representation of social classes, as if advertisements don't talk about social classes explicitly. The absence of social class analysis in advertisement study tends to disguise the actual conditions of the society. Using the method of semiotic analysis to read advertisements on television as the subject of the study, this paper aims to show that images of social class are still present in advertisements. This paper finds that social class images in advertisements are stereotyped. The lower social class is described as a social class that is dominated and is doing a class-passing. Based on the findings, this paper argues that the analysis of social classes is still required to examine any forms of popular culture such as advertising and, at the same time, can show the actual conditions of social classes in the society.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kelas Sosial sebagai Penyebab Ijime dalam Novel Grotesque

Humaniora ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Linda Unsriana
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
High Social Class ◽  
Japanese Schools ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

Ijime or bullying is a common problem in Japanese schools, and even, ijime actions sometimes result in the victims or the victims commit to suicide. Ijime is also depicted in the Grotesqe novel on a character, Kazue Sato. Kazue Sato is a girl who desperately wants to enroll an elite girl school, Q school. The school is for students from high social class. Nevertheless, by passing the strict exams, intelligent students from different social classes can go to this school. Article  elaborates the relationship between social class differences in the actions of ijime, using a corpus of works Natsuo Kirino’s novel, Grotesque. After analyzing the data with descriptive method of analysis, it is found that there is a relationship between social class differences and ijime actions. Students from different social classes, although they are cleverer, cannot mingle with students from higher social classes. In fact, students from lower social classes experience ijime actions from other students.  

scholarly journals PANDANGAN DUNIA DEWI ANGGRAENI DALAM NOVEL MY PAIN MY COUNTRY: KAJIAN STRUKTURALISME GENETIK LUCIEN GOLDMANN (DEWI ANGGRAENI’S WORLD VIEW IN MY PAIN MY COUNTRY: LUCIEN GOLDMANN GENETIC STRUCTURALISM STUDY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Derri Ris Riana
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Class Group ◽  
World View ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Dewi Anggraeni’s World View in My Pain My Country: Lucien Goldmann Genetic Structuralism Study. This research aims to uncover human facts, collective subject, the structure of the novel My Pain My Country, which illustrates the character's problems, both concerning other characters and the environment, and the worldview expressed by the author as part of a social class group supported by Dewi Anggraeni's authorship helped to reconstruct the author's worldview. The analysis uses genetic structuralism with a dialectical method based on the concept of understanding and explanation in finding coherence of meaning. The data source is Dewi Anggraeni’s novel ”My Pain My Country”. The results showed that the author described “My Pain My Country” as human facts through geographical, sociological, psychological, historical, and ideological facts. Dewi Anggraeni describes the collective subject in two different social classes, namely the Chinese ethnic group to be described as the capitalists and indigenous people as the proletarians. The structure of “My Pain My Country” was constructed by relating the characters and the environment. The author represented the relationship between the characters in human opposition. Meanwhile, the relationship between the characters and the environment were represented through natural, social and cultural oppositions. The structure of the novel reflected the Dewi Anggraeni’s worldview as a form of sympathy, not only towards the victims of the 1998 tragedy from Chinese but also towards the lower middle class of indigenous people; and world views on nationalism, justice, and Chinese integration. Key words: genetic structuralism, human fact, world view Abstrak Pandangan Dunia Dewi Anggraeni dalam Novel My Pain My Country: Kajian Strukturalisme Genetik Lucien Goldmann. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap fakta kemanusiaan; subjek kolektif; struktur novel My Pain My Country yang menggambarkan permasalahan tokoh, baik dalam hubungannya dengan tokoh lain maupun dengan lingkungannya; dan pandangan dunia yang diekspresikan pengarang sebagai bagian dari kelas sosial yang didukung oleh jejak kepengarangan yang turut merekonstruksi pandangan dunia Dewi Anggraeni. Analisis menggunakan strukturalisme genetik dengan metode dialektik yang berdasarkan pada konsep pemahaman dan penjelasan dalam menemukan koherensi makna. Sumber data adalah novel My Pain My Country karya Dewi Anggraeni. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa novel My Pain My Country sebagai fakta kemanusiaan digambarkan pengarang melalui fakta geografis, sosiologis, psikologis, historis, dan ideologis. Subjek kolektif dimunculkan Dewi Anggraeni dalam dua kelas sosial yang berbeda, yaitu kelompok etnis Tionghoa yang digambarkan sebagai kaum kapitalis dan pribumi sebagai proletar. Struktur novel My Pain My Country dibangun oleh hubungan antartokoh, serta tokoh dan lingkungan. Hubungan tokoh dan tokoh digambarkan dalam oposisi manusia. Sementara itu, hubungan tokoh dan lingkungan digambarkan melalui oposisi alamiah, sosial, dan kultural. Struktur novel itu merefleksikan pandangan dunia Dewi Anggraeni sebagai wujud keprihatinan, baik terhadap korban tragedi 1998 dari Tionghoa maupun kelompok menengah ke bawah, serta pandangan tentang nasionalisme, keadilan, dan integrasi Tionghoa. Kata-kata kunci: strukturalisme genetik, fakta kemanusiaan, pandangan dunia

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