scholarly journals Study on Gene Differential Expression in Tetraploid Populus Leaves

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1233
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yongyu Ren ◽  
Xiangyang Kang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Auxin Receptor ◽  
Gene Differential Expression ◽  
Auxin Content ◽  
Lhc Genes

Polyploids exhibit different phenotypes compared to those of diploids in plants, and the important role of polyploids in tree breeding has been widely recognized. The transcriptomes detected by RNA-seq in the Populus triploid by doubling the chromosomes of the female gamete, in the triploid by doubling the chromosomes of somatic cells and the diploid with the parent were compared to reveal the patterns of gene expression of tetraploid leaves and their influence on growth. The results showed that the high expression of GATA and PORA in tetraploid leaves was the reason for the higher chlorophyll content in the leaves than in diploid and triploid leaves. The 11-day-old tetraploid leaves began to enter the aging stage. Compared with that in the diploid, GRF was significantly upregulated, while the amylase genes were downregulated. Compared with those in the triploid, 3 STN7 genes that regulate photosynthetic genes and PGSIP genes which are related to starch synthesis, were significantly downregulated in the tetraploid, and the auxin receptor protein TIR1 was also significantly downregulated. In the tetraploid, auxin-regulating genes such as GH3 and AUX/IAA as well as genes involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, SAG genes and SRG genes were significantly up-regulated, resulting in a decrease in the auxin content. In senescent leaves, CHLD, CHLI1, and CHLM in the early stage of chlorophyll synthesis all began to downregulate their expressions, leading to the downregulation of LHC genes and a decrease in their photosynthetic efficiency, which led to the downregulation of carbon fixation-related genes such as SS genes, thus affecting carbon synthesis and fixation. This finally led to the slow growth of tetraploid plants. These data represent the transcriptome characteristics of tetraploid, and they can be used as a resource for further research on polyploids and provide a reference for further understanding of the function of polyploid vegetative growth-related genes.

scholarly journals Soil organic carbon dynamics following afforestation in the Loess Plateau of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 11181-11211 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lu ◽  
J. Liski ◽  
R. Y. Chang ◽  
A. Akujärvi ◽  
X. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Successional Stage

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest terrestrial carbon pool and sensitive to land use and cover change; its dynamics is critical for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In this study, we combined a modeling approach and field measurements to examine the temporal dynamics of SOC following afforestation of former arable land at six sites under different climatic conditions in the Loess Plateau during 1980–2010. The results showed that the measured mean SOC increased to levels higher than before afforestation when taking the last measurements (i.e., at age 25 to 30 yr), although it decreased in the first few years at the wetter sites. The accumulation rates of SOC were 1.58 to 6.22% yr–1 in the upper 20 cm and 1.62 to 5.15% yr–1 in the upper 40 cm of soil. The simulations reproduced the basic characteristics of measured SOC dynamics, suggesting that litter input and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) were the major causes for SOC dynamics and the differences among the sites. They explained 88–96, 48–86 and 57–74% of the variations in annual SOC changes at the soil depths of 0–20, 0–40, and 0–100 cm, respectively. Notably, the simulated SOC decreased during the first few years at all the sites, although the magnitudes of decreases were small at the drier sites. This suggested that the modeling may be advantageous in capturing SOC changes at finer time scale. The discrepancy between the simulation and measurement was a result of uncertainties in model structure, data input, and sampling design. Our findings indicated that afforestation promoted soil carbon sequestration at the study sites, which is favorable for further restoration of the vegetation and environment. Afforestation activities should decrease soil disturbances to reduce carbon release in the early stage. The long-term strategy for carbon fixation capability of the plantations should also consider the climate and site conditions, species adaptability, and successional stage of recovery.

scholarly journals RenalAT1Receptor Protein Expression During the Early Stage of Diabetes Mellitus

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Harrison-Bernard ◽  
John D. Imig ◽  
Pamela K. Carmines
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Distal Nephron ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Nephron Segments

Experiments were performed to evaluate the hypothesis that the early stage of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) increases renal angiotensin II (AngII) concentration and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor protein levels. Nineteen or twenty days after vehicle (Sham rats) or streptozotocin (STZ rats) treatment, plasma [AngII] was higher in STZ rats (152±23 fmol/ml) than in Sham rats (101±7 fmol/ml); however, kidney [AngII] did not differ between groups.AT1receptor protein expression was greater in STZ kidneys than in Sham kidneys. This increase was restricted to the cortex, whereAT1protein levels were elevated by 77±26% (42 kDa) and 101±16% (58 kDa) in STZ kidneys. Immunohistochemistry revealed this effect to be most evident in distal nephron segments including the connecting tubule/cortical collecting duct. Increased renal corticalAT1receptor protein and circulating AngII levels are consistent with an exaggerated AngII-dependent influence on renal function during the early stage of DM in the rat.

Regulation of assimilate partitioning in leaves

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte E. Lewis ◽  
Graham Noctor ◽  
David Causton ◽  
Christine H. Foyer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Assimilate Partitioning ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon

Concepts of the regulation of assimilate partitioning in leaves frequently consider only the allocation of carbon between sucrose and starch synthesis, storage and export. While carbohydrate metabolism accounts for a large proportion of assimilated carbon, such analyses provide only a restricted view of carbon metabolism and partitioning in leaf cells since photosynthetic carbon fixation provides precursors for all other biosynthetic pathways in the plant. Most of these precursors are required for biosynthesis of amino acids that form the building blocks for many compounds in plants. We have used leaf carbon : nitrogen ratios to calculate the allocation of photosynthetic electrons to the assimilation of nitrogen necessary for amino acid formation, and conclude that this allocation is variable but may be higher than values often quoted in the literature. Respiration is a significant fate of fixed carbon. In addition to supplying biosynthetic precursors, respiration is required for energy production and may also act, in both light and dark, to balance cellular energy budgets. We have used growth CO2 concentration and irradiance to modify source activity in Lolium temulentum in order to explore the interactions between photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen assimilation, assimilate production, respiration and export. It is demonstrated that there is a robust correlation between source activity and foliar respiration rates. Under some conditions concomitant increases in source activity and respiration may be necessary to support faster growth. In other conditions, increases in respiration appear to result from internal homeostatic mechanisms that may be candidate targets for increasing yield.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Proteomic Study

Abstract Background: To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves.Results: Based on fold-change thresholds of >1.20 or <0.83 (p<0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially enriched proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially enriched proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins. Conclusion: Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

scholarly journals Reprogramming of the Wheat Transcriptome in Response to Infection with Claviceps Purpurea, the Causal Agent of Ergot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley A. Boyd ◽  
Eleni Tente ◽  
Nelzo Ereful ◽  
Anyela Camargo Rodriguez ◽  
Paul Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Transmitting Tissue ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Wheat Transcriptome

Abstract Background: Ergot, caused by the fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea, infects the female flowers of a range of cereal crops, including wheat. To understand the interaction between C. purpurea and hexaploid wheat we undertook an extensive examination of the reprogramming of the wheat transcriptome in response to C. purpurea infection through floral tissues (i.e. the stigma, transmitting and base ovule tissues of the ovary) and over time. Results: C. purpurea hyphae were observed to have grown into and down the stigma at 24 hours (H) after inoculation. By 48H hyphae had grown through the transmitting tissue into the base, while by 72H hyphae had surrounded the ovule. By 5 days (D) the ovule had been replaced by fungal tissue. Significant differential gene expression was first observed at 1H in the stigma tissue. Many of the wheat genes differentially transcribed in response to C. purpurea infection were associated with plant hormones and included the ethylene (ET), auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic and signaling pathways. Hormone-associated genes were first detected in the stigma and base tissues at 24H, but not in the transmitting tissue. Genes associated with GA and JA pathways were seen in the stigma at 24H, while JA and ET-associated genes were identified in the base at 24H. In addition, several defence-associated genes were differential expressed in response to C. purpurea infection, including antifungal proteins, endocytosis/exocytosis-related proteins, NBS-LRR class proteins, genes involved in programmed cell death, receptor protein kinases and transcription factors. Of particular interest was the identification of significant differential expression of wheat genes in the base tissue well before the appearance of fungal hyphae, suggesting that a mobile signal, either pathogen or plant-derived, is delivered to the base prior to colonisation.Conclusions: Multiple host hormonal biosynthesis and signalling pathways were significantly perturbed from an early stage in the wheat – C. purpurea interaction. Significant differential gene expression at the base of the ovary, ahead of arrival of the pathogen, indicated the potential presence of a long-distance signal modifying host gene expression.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Wild Jujube Seedlings under Salt Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Chang ◽  
Junli Sun ◽  
Lianling Liu ◽  
Wang He ◽  
Baolong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Photosynthetic Antenna

Wild jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba) and cultivated jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) belong to the family Rhamnaceae. Jujubes have marked drought- and salt-tolerant properties. After salt stress, wild jujube seedling growth was inhibited and photosynthetic efficiency was reduced. A bioinformatics approach was used to analyze the transcriptomics data from wild jujube seedlings grown under salt stress, and the genes differentially expressed under the salt stress were identified to provide a theoretical basis for the development and use of wild jujube plantations in salinized soil. The transcriptome sequencing from leaves of wild jujube seedlings was carried out using second-generation sequencing technology. The effects of salt stress on the differential expression of photosynthesis-related genes in wild jujube seedlings were analyzed. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 5269 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 2729 were up-regulated and 2540 were down-regulated. DEGs were mainly enriched with respect to photosynthesis, photosynthetic antenna proteins, glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism, linolenic acid metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Among them, the photosynthesis pathway-related DEGs were most highly enriched. Further analysis of porphyrin and chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis-related pathways revealed that they were significantly enriched by 97 photosynthesis-related DEGs. The DEGs in the photosynthesis and photosynthetic antenna protein pathways were down-regulated, whereas the DEGs glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HEMA), ferrochelatase (HEMH), and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) in the porphyrin and chlorophyll synthesis pathways were up-regulated, with the remainder being down-regulated. The nuclear gene encoding Rubisco, the key enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway, was also down-regulated. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate of wild jujube seedlings decreased following exposure to salinity stress, an effect that was related to the increased synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and heme, and the up-regulation of expression of a gene encoding a chlorophyll-degrading enzyme, and was related to the down-regulation of gene expression in photosynthesis-related pathways such as light energy capture and carbon fixation. Selection of nine DEGs related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis by quantitative real-time-PCR confirmed that expression changes of these nine DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Proteomic Study

Abstract Background To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves. Results Based on fold-change thresholds of > 1.20 or < 0.83 (p < 0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially enriched proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially enriched proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins. Conclusion Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

Variation in the Wood Properties of Paraserianthes Falcataria Planted In Indonesia

IAWA Journal ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ishiguri ◽  
J. Eizawa ◽  
Y. Saito ◽  
K. Iizuka ◽  
S. Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽  
Significant Difference

In many tree breeding programs, plus trees have been selected according to growth rate or stern form in trees. Trees that have a high growth rate or good stern form do not always produce industrially desirable wood. Therefore criteria for wood quality should be considered in tree breeding programs. The objective of this study is to obtain the basic knowledge for breeding for wood quality in Paraserianthes falcataria, an important commercial tree species of Indonesia. Variation in the growth, log properties, basic density, and fiber length in 13-year-old P. falcataria was investigated. Even though all trees were the same age, diameter at breast height showed high variation, indicating a significant variance in the growth rate of seedlings. Significant differences in the log properties (green density, dynamic Young's modulus, and stress-wave velocity) were observed among the trees. Basic density showed a constant value up to 10 cm from pith, at which point it began to increase. The fiber length increased up to 10 cm from the pith and then showed an almost constant value. According to the radial variation of the basic density and fiber length, wood is categorized as core wood, which includes that up to 10 cm from the pith, and outer wood, which is that from 10 cm to the bark. In addition, a significant difference in the basic density of core wood was observed among the trees, indicating that the selection of a plus tree with high-density wood in this species is possible at a relatively early stage. These results indicate that the wood quality in P. falcataria can be improved through tree breeding.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanism of Vegetative Growth Advantage in Allotriploid Populus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Du ◽  
Ting Liao ◽  
Yongyu Ren ◽  
Xining Geng ◽  
Xiangyang Kang
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Functional Control

Allotriploid poplar has a prominent vegetative growth advantage that impacts dramatically on lumber yield. The growth regulation is complex which involves abundant genes, metabolic and signaling pathways, while the information about the functional control process is very little. We used high-throughput sequencing and physiological index measurement to obtain a global overview of differences between allotriploid and diploid Populus. The genes related to plant growth advantage show a higher expression compared to diploid, and most of them are revolved around hormones, photosynthesis and product accumulation. Thus, allotriploid Populus showed more efficient photosynthesis, carbon fixation, sucrose and starch synthesis, and metabolism as well as augmented biosynthesis of auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin. These data enable the connection of metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and specific gene activity, which will underpin the development of network models to elucidate the process of triploid Populus advantage growth.

scholarly journals Combined Proteomic and Physiological Analysis of Chloroplasts Reveals Drought and Recovery Response Mechanisms in Nicotiana benthamiana

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Silin Chen ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Shunling Tan ◽  
Xiaojun Pu ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
Recovery Response

Chloroplasts play essential roles in plant metabolic processes and stress responses by functioning as environmental sensors. Understanding chloroplast responses to drought stress and subsequent recovery will help the ability to improve stress tolerance in plants. Here, a combined proteomic and physiological approach was used to investigate the response mechanisms of Nicotiana benthamiana chloroplasts to drought stress and subsequent recovery. Early in the stress response, changes in stomatal movement were accompanied by immediate changes in protein synthesis to sustain the photosynthetic process. Thereafter, increasing drought stress seriously affected photosynthetic efficiency and led to altered expression of photosynthesis- and carbon-fixation-related proteins to protect the plants against photo-oxidative damage. Additional repair mechanisms were activated at the early stage of recovery to restore physiological functions and repair drought-induced damages, even while the negative effects of drought stress were still ongoing. Prolonging the re-watering period led to the gradual recovery of photosynthesis at both physiological and protein levels, indicating that a long repair process is required to restore plant function. Our findings provide a precise view of drought and recovery response mechanisms in N. benthamiana and serve as a reference for further investigation into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant drought tolerance.

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