scholarly journals Impact of Forest Roads on Hydrological Processes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Aristeidis Kastridis
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact

The current review summarizes the knowledge generated by the recently published studies of the last twenty years, in the field of forest road networks, concerning the impact of forest road construction on hydrological processes. The currently applied methodology techniques/practices are discussed, the findings are highlighted and effective mitigation measures to mitigate the impact of forest roads are proposed. Critical for the minimization of the impact of forest roads on overland flow is the significant decrease in road surface runoff and overland flow velocity. The decrease in runoff energy reduces the detachment of soil particles and transportation in streams. The disturbances of forest roads in logging areas should be limited to decrease soil erosion. Additionally, aiming to minimize sediment transportation into the streams, it is very important to reduce the connectivity between the forest roads (or skid trails) and streams. The positive role of vegetation and organic matter on the road prism, naturally/technically established riparian buffers along the streams, and the use of appropriate bioengineering designs for each area significantly decrease the runoff generation and sedimentation. From a construction point of view, the decrease in short and long-term forest road-related impact could be achieved by reducing the depth of excavations and the use of soil compaction limiting technology during forest works. The road network design should be more efficient, avoiding hydrologically active zero-order basins. Techniques that minimize the length and connectivity among skid trails, unpaved roads and streams are highly crucial. Broad-based dips, immediate revegetation and outsloping of the road base are considered good road construction practices. Research should be focused on the hydrologic behavior of forest road networks and on the impact at the watershed scale, the degree of connectivity, utilizing plenty of qualitative field data, especially during intense rainfall events, which has been proven to exacerbate the runoff and sediment generation and transportation into the stream networks.

scholarly journals Simulation of the effects of forest roads on stormflow generation using GIS and 2D vadose zone hydrological model

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Orfánus ◽  
Marián Jenčo ◽  
Juraj Bebej ◽  
Martin Benko
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Infiltration Excess

Abstract There was a destructive flood on Gidra river on June induced by 104-mm rainfall during 3 h on 7 June 2011. The total flood discharge was estimated to be 531,000 m3. The upper part of the Gidra river catchment is forested by more than 95%, but the forest floor has been disrupted to a large extent by intensive logging activities in the basin. Forest road density is up to 10 km/km2 in the catchment. The field inspections in the catchments revealed that approximately 25% of forest roads have been deepened down to the less permeable subsoil directly during their construction or by subsequent traffic and soil erosion. Forest roads affect runoff generation via two mechanisms: (1) generation of infiltration-excess runoff on road surfaces and (2) capturing of hillslope surface and subsurface water by road incisions. Infiltration-excess water runoff from all compacted surfaces was estimated to be about 54,000 m3 by simply multiplying the compacted area by the difference between the precipitation and infiltration. More challenging was to quantify the transformation of hillslope water to the road-surface runoff. We have suggested the methodological approach that combines the GIS analyses of the terrain with mathematical simulations of the subsurface water exfiltration from hillslopes to the road surfaces using HYDRUS 2D model. Simulations based on the variability of slope inclinations and slope lengths within catchment revealed that drainage of the upward hillslopes by forest roads and deeper logging lines increased the forest road runoff by another 6,000-15,000 m3 of water.

scholarly journals The Potential Use of the Light Drop-Weight Deflectometer to Control Subgrade Compaction on Forest Roads

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Boston ◽  
Robert Robek ◽  
Jesse Rathom
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Drop Weight ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Subgrade Strength

Abstract Improving subgrade strength can reduce a road's construction and maintenance costs. Additionally, it may lessen some of the environmental impacts from forest roads. However, most forest roads receive little effort to establish or control compaction because of the perceived increase in construction costs and potential delays in the flow of wood from the area. A light drop-weight deflectometer was tested on two forest roads in western Oregon to determine if this tool could aid with improving forest road construction by improving the quality of the road's subgrade. One road was built on a fine sand-silt soil and the other was constructed on a silt-clay soil. The goal was to correlate the easily collected subgrade values produced from the light drop-weight deflectometer and wet unit weight to the soaked and nonsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR) values for the subgrade, which are common design variables used to determine the minimum thickness of the aggregate surface. The light drop-weight deflectometer showed mixed results with regards to its ability to predict the values from the more expensive CBR laboratory test. The results from site 1, sand-silt soils, showed the potential of the light drop-weight deflectometer to aid in construction control as the values from light drop-weight deflectometer, when combined with the wet unit weight, explained a statistically significant amount of the variability in the soaked and nonsoaked laboratory CBR values. These variables explain approximately 60% of the variation in CBR values. The data from site 2, the silt-clay soils, were not able to significantly predict the subgrade strength variables, and the road will need to continue to use the traditional methods for establishing and controlling compaction.

scholarly journals The technical aspects of using timber in the construction of forest roads

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Trzciński ◽  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Rafał Selwakowski
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Modulus ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
The Road ◽  
Secondary Deformation ◽  
Reference Sections ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Forest District

AbstractThis study is on the ecological aspects and interest of the State Forest National Forests Holding (SF) units in reinforcing the ground subgrade by using timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses in forest road construction. The aim of the study was to analyse the technical parameters of forest roads made on a ground subgrade reinforced with timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses. As part of the research, the scope of SF units’ application of technological solutions and the parameters of existing forest district roads made on a timber substructure were determined. A road with reference sections using different variants of subgrade reinforced with timbers logs (oak, pine) and brushwood mattresses were studied. The technical parameters of features ensuring usability, such as, among others, the bearing capacity of the pavement, were selected for the analysis. The ability of the tested pavements to support vehicle axle loads was determined based on the deflection of the surface as well as the primary (MEI) and secondary (MEII) deformation modulus with a calculated deformation indicator (I0). The deformation modulus ME of the pavement and road subgrade were determined using a VSS plate with a diameter of 300 mm. It indicated a large range of results of secondary deformation of surfaces using timber raft construction (107-204 MN·m-2) and brushwood mattresses (26-58 MN·m-2), which are dependent mainly on the diameter of the logs used, their arrangement and the road fill used.

scholarly journals Forest Road Status Assessment Using Airborne Laser Scanning

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Waga ◽  
Piotr Tompalski ◽  
Nicholas C Coops ◽  
Joanne C White ◽  
Michael A Wulder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
Independent Field ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Forest roads allow access for silvicultural operations, harvesting, recreational activities, wildlife management, and fire suppression. In British Columbia, Canada, roads that are no longer required must be deactivated (temporarily, semipermanently, or permanently) in order to minimize the impact on the overall forested ecosystem. However, the remoteness and size of the road network present challenges for monitoring. Our aim was to examine the utility of airborne laser scanning data to assess the status and quality of forest roads across 52,000 hectares of coastal forest in British Columbia. Within the forest estate, roads can be active or deactivated, or have an unknown status. We classified road segments based on the vegetation growth on the road surface, and edges, by classifying the height distribution of airborne laser scanning returns within each road segment into four groups: no vegetation, minor vegetation, dense understory vegetation, and dense overstory vegetation. Validation indicated that 73 percent of roads were classified correctly when compared to independent field observations. The majority were classified as active roads with no vegetation or deactivated with dense vegetation. The approach presented herein can aid forest managers in verifying the status of the roads in their management area, especially in remote areas where field assessments are costly and time-consuming.

scholarly journals Physically-based modelling of hydrological processes in a tropical headwater catchment (West Africa) – process representation and multi-criteria validation

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Giertz ◽  
B. Diekkrüger ◽  
G. Steup
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Headwater Catchment

Abstract. The aim of the study was to test the applicability of a physically-based model to simulate the hydrological processes in a headwater catchment in Benin. Field investigations in the catchment have shown that lateral processes such as surface runoff and interflow are most important. Therefore, the 1-D SVAT-model SIMULAT was modified to a semi-distributed hillslope version (SIMULAT-H). Based on a good database, the model was evaluated in a multi-criteria validation using discharge, discharge components and soil moisture data. For the validation of discharge, good results were achieved for dry and wet years. The main differences were observable in the beginning of the rainy season. A comparison of the discharge components determined by hydro-chemical measurements with the simulation revealed that the model simulated the ratio of groundwater fluxes and fast runoff components correctly. For the validation of the discharge components of single events, larger differences were observable, which was partly caused by uncertainties in the precipitation data. The representation of the soil moisture dynamics by the model was good for the top soil layer. For deeper soil horizons, which are characterized by higher gravel content, the differences between simulated and measured soil moisture were larger. A good agreement of simulation results and field investigations was achieved for the runoff generation processes. Interflow is the predominant process on the upper and the middle slopes, while at the bottom of the hillslope groundwater recharge and – during the rainy season – saturated overland flow are important processes.

scholarly journals Impact of Road Network Topology on Public Transportation Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Minzhi Chen ◽  
Fan Wu ◽  
Min Yin ◽  
Jiangang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Urban Road Network ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Layout Structure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transportation Development ◽  
The Impact

Planning of road networks is fundamental for public transportation. The impact of road network density on public transportation has been extensively studied, but few studies in this regard involved evaluation indicators for connectivity and layout of road networks. With 29 cities in China as the study cases, this paper quantifies the layout structure of the road network based on the network’s betweenness centralization and establishes a multivariate linear regression model to perform regression of the logarithm of the frequency of per capita public transportation on betweenness centralization. It is found in the present work that there is a significant correlation between the layout structure of an urban road network and the residents’ utilization degree of public transportation. A greater betweenness centralization of the urban road network, namely a more centralized road network, means a higher frequency of per capita public transportation of urban residents and a higher degree of the residents’ utilization of public transportation. In the development of public transportation, centralized and axial-shaped layout structures of road networks can be promoted to improve the utilization of public transportation.

scholarly journals The effects of Rubus hyrcanus L. and Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Brid. on soil loss prevention from cutslopes of a forest road

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Parsakhoo ◽  
M. Lotfalian ◽  
A. Kavian ◽  
S.A. Hosseini ◽  
M. Demir
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
The City ◽  
Runoff And Sedimentation

The effects of Rubus hyrcanus L. and Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Bridon on runoff generation and soil loss from cutslopes of forest roads were investigated. The study was conducted at the northern forest of Iran, about 30 km south of the city of Sari. Runoff and sedimentation after each rainfall simulation and chemical and physical soil properties were measured in 14 plots with an area of 0.48 m<sup>2</sup>. The obtained results indicate that the vegetation dominated by Philonotis marchica exhibited the higher runoff coefficient and soil loss, with averages of 27.25% and 92.40&nbsp;g&middot;m<sup>&ndash;2</sup>&middot;h<sup>&ndash;1</sup>(gram per square meter per hour), respectively, in comparison to Rubus hyrcanus. For Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Brid. the sediment concentration increased quickly at the beginning of rainfall simulations and after 10&ndash;12 min there was a fast decrease in sediment concentration. The peak of sediment concentration was for the Rubus hyrcanus L. in the 13<sup>th</sup>&ndash;15<sup>th</sup> min In conclusion, Rubus hyrcanus L. prevented or decreased the risk of runoff and soil loss from cutslopes of forest roads in our study area. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of CO, NOx and PM10 on Air Quality during Road Construction and Operation Phases

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10549
Author(s):  
Marinella Giunta
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Unpaved Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Co Concentrations

The road sector is one of the main sources of air emissions in the atmosphere during both construction and operation. The objective of the present paper is a comprehensive evaluation of the impact on air quality during the two main phases of life cycle of roads. In this case study of a motorway project, the emissions of the primary pollutants, CO, NOx, and PM10 are estimated, and the results showed that (i) CO and NOx pollutants released during both phases are comparable, while the emissions of PM10 are more significant in the construction phase; (ii) 85% of PM10 in construction is due to storage, transit on unpaved road, and crushing; (iii) the portals of the tunnel are the sites where there are higher concentrations of pollutants in operation; and (iv) the CO concentrations estimated by the dispersion model are strongly influenced by the topography.

scholarly journals Physically-based modelling of hydrological processes in a tropical headwater catchment in Benin (West Africa) – process representation and multi-criteria validation

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Giertz ◽  
B. Diekkrüger ◽  
G. Steup
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Headwater Catchment

Abstract. The aim of the study was to test the applicability of a physically-based model to simulate the hydrological processes in a headwater catchment in Benin. Field investigations in the catchment have shown that lateral processes as surface runoff and interflow are most important. Therefore the 1-D SVAT-model SIMULAT was modified to a hillslope version (SIMULAT-H). Due to a good database the model was evaluated in a multi-criteria validation using discharge, discharge components and spatially distributed soil moisture data. For the validation of discharge good results were achieved for dry and wet years. Main differences were observable in the beginning of the rainy season. The comparison of the discharge components determined by hydrochemical measurements with the simulation revealed that the model simulated the ratio of groundwater fluxes and fast runoff components correctly. For the validation of the discharge components of single events larger differences were observable, which was partly caused by uncertainties in the precipitation data. The representation of the soil moisture dynamics by the model was good for the top soil layer. For deeper soil horizons, which are characterized by higher gravel content, the differences between simulated and measured soil moisture were larger. Concerning the runoff generation processes a good agreement of simulation results and field investigations was achieved. On the upper and the middle slope interflow is the predominant process, while at the bottom of the hillslope groundwater recharge and – during the rainy season – saturated overland flow are important processes.

scholarly journals NEURAL FUZZY NETWORK FOR ASSESSING TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR FOREST ROADS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pobedinskiy ◽  
Sergey Buldakov ◽  
Andrey Berstenev ◽  
Elena Anastas
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Logging Roads ◽  
Fuzzy Network

The article is devoted to the problem of improving road construction technologies, in particular, technological solutions for logging roads. As you know, in road construction, the choice and justification of technological solutions for the road surface is one of the first stages of design, the efficiency of which affects further project as a whole, timing and costs of construction. The solution to such a problem is extremely difficult and, first of all, due to the many interrelated parameters, factors, as well as the uncertainties of data in the problem. The task becomes much more complicated when it is also necessary to take into account the economic indicators of road construction project. But it is in this form that it is of the greatest interest, since these characteristics are often the most important in practice. For these reasons, the problem remains completely unsolved. Therefore, requires further research, as noted, taking into account the uncertainties in the problem. Intelligent systems based on the theory of fuzzy sets, neural networks and their hybrid solutions are proposed for this class of problems, as a result of modern achievements in the field of mathematics and information technologies. Thus, the purpose of this research was to develop a neural network for evaluating technological solutions for logging roads. The result of the research was the development of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network such as ANFIS, which allows calculating the cost of the road surface depending on the main technological and initial financial parameters. The neural network can be recommended for the design of forest roads, as well as for rapid assessment of the effectiveness of various technological solutions during competitive (tender) selection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document