scholarly journals Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1147
Author(s):  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Luis G. Esteban ◽  
Peter Gasson ◽  
Francisco García-Fernández ◽  
Antonio de Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Timber Trade ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy is a key discipline as a tool for monitoring the global timber trade, particularly for wood listed in protected species conventions such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). One of the main barriers to reducing illegal trafficking of protected species is ensuring that customs officials with appropriate training in wood anatomy are equipped with simple tools, at both the origin and destination of shipments, so they can raise an early warning about wood suspected of contravening international treaties and immediately send samples to a specialised laboratory. This work explains how lenses attached to a smartphone, capable of achieving up to 400× magnification using the phone digital zoom, can be used to distinguish features that are not visible with traditional 10× or 12× lenses, enhancing the capacity to view features not typically observable in the field. In softwoods, for example, this method permits determination of the type of axial parenchyma arrangement, whether there are helical thickenings in axial tracheids and whether axial tracheids have organic deposits or contain alternate polygonal pits, and in the rays, if the tracheids are smooth-walled or dentate and if the cross-field pits are window-like. In hardwoods, it allows verification of the presence of tyloses and deposits in vessels, the type of perforation plates and whether the intervascular pitting is scalariform; in the rays it is possible to differentiate the types of ray cells; and in the axial parenchyma, to determine the presence of oil cells. In addition, unlike macroscopic analysis with a conventional magnifying lens, this type of lens can be used with the appropriate mobile application for the biometry of important elements such as ray height and vessel diameter.

scholarly journals Anatomía de la madera de las especies mexicanas de Salvia sección Erythrostachys Epl. (Lamiaceae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Ceja-Romero ◽  
Carmen de la Paz Pérez-Olvera ◽  
Jesús Rivera-Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

The wood anatomy of Salvia pubescens, S. regla, and S. sessei is described. These species are included within the section Erythrostachys, subgenus Calosphace, genus Salvia. Two samples were collected for each species to obtain permanent slides. Transverse, radial and tangential sections were used to describe the anatomy of each taxon. The wood has ring porosity, the tangential vessel diameter is small (34-85 μm), the vessel elements are short (94-257 μm) with alternate pitting, helical thickenings and simple perforation plates. Vasicentric tracheids are present. Axial parenchyma is paratracheal scanty, apotracheal diffuse, and marginal. Rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, heterogeneous, aggregate and non aggregate. Libriform fibers are septate and non septate. Gums, tyloses, starch grains and prismatic crystals were observed. These features agree with previous reports for the genus.

scholarly journals WOOD ANATOMY OF SEVEN SPECIES KNOWN AS "PAU-PARA-TUDO" IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claúdia Luizon Dias Leme
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Drimys Brasiliensis ◽  
Perforation Plates

ABSTRACT Different medicinal plant species can be sold under the same common name. Considering the importance of the correct identification, this study aims to separate, using wood anatomy, seven species popularly known as pau-para-tudo. The results show that Drimys brasiliensis is separated from the others by the presence of tracheids. Capsicodendron dinisii hhas scalariform perforation plates and oil cells associated with the axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric and in marginal bands beyond the rays' width, can separate Osteophoeum platyspermum from Simaba cedron. Handroanthus serratifolius has the unique presence of the axial unilateral paratracheal parenchyma and storied cell elements (parenchyma, fibers and vessel elements). Rauvolfia sellowii and Leptolobium dasycarpum can be separated by the number of square/upright marginal ray cells, greater in Rauvolfia sellowii. Thus, this work shows that wood anatomy is a valuable tool for species separation, helps with the identification and consequently is important for the quality control of plant product.

scholarly journals PERUBAHAN SIFAT FISIK DAN STABILITAS DIMENSI KAYU AKIBAT PENGAWETAN MENGGUNAKAN IMPREGNASI KARBONDIOKSIDA

PERENNIAL ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asdar
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Wood Identification ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Perforation Plates

The anatomical characteristics were studied to collect information for wood identification of Gyrinops versteegii from Gorontalo. Anatomical characterisics were determined from microtome sectioned samples and macerated samples. Observation of anatomical structure in accordance to IAWA List included vessel (diameter, height, grouping, frequention, porosity, arrangement, perforation plates, deposits, and pits), rays (type, height, width and frequention), parenchyme, and fiber (diameter, diameter of lumina and wall thickness). The research results obtained are G. versteegii has included phloem, diffuse porous, radial multiple 2-4(7), 90 µm in tangential diameter, 14 per sq.mm, simple perforation plates, intervessel pit alternate and no deposites in vessel. Rays uniseriate, heterocellular and 8,4 rays per mm. Axial parenchyma diffuse or associated with included phloem and there are fusiform parenchyma cells. Intercellular canals absent. This wood has short size and very thin walled fiber. Keywords: Agar wood, wood anatomy, included phloem, G. versteegii

Wood Anatomy of the Predominantly African Representatives of the Tribe Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Jansen ◽  
Elmar Robbrecht ◽  
Hans Beeckman ◽  
Erik Smets
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Morphology ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Generic Delimitation ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Perforation Plates

Wood samples of representatives of Chassalia, Chazaliella, Gaertnera, Hymenocoleus, Pagamea and Psychotria are examined. The generic delimitation of these predominantly African Psychotrieae, which is mainly based on fruit morphology, is compared with wood anatomical variation patterns. Part of the variation observed is related to habit, e. g. wide vessels in the tree species Psychotria dermatophylla. Other features do have systematic significance, as shown by a cluster analysis of the data obtained. The genus pair Gaertnera/Pagamea differs obviously from the other genera and is wood anatomically clearly distinguished by the presence of fibre-tracheids and parenchyma bands. Chassalia, Chazaliella, Hymenocoleus and Psychotria have rather similar wood structure, although variation in vessel diameter, vessel arrangement, ray composition and axial parenchyma occurs. Several uncommon features are recorded: the presence of few to numerous openings in one oblique perforation plate, irregular reticulate perforation plates and multiple vessel-ray perforations with marked irregularity.

Wood Anatomy of Lecythidaceae Species called “Tauari”

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío A. Bernal ◽  
Vera Coradin ◽  
José Camargos ◽  
Cecília Costa ◽  
José Pissarra
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Important Character

Woods from an important group of Lecythidaceae species called “tauari” can hardly be identified in the field by their gross and general features. In this study we show that, when properly delimited to the genera Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari, wood anatomical characteristics can be used to identify the species known as “tauari”, even though it is not possible to separate all species. In addition to anatomical characters, wood colour is an important character to help distinguish species of Cariniana and Allantoma from species of Couratari. Detailed wood anatomical descriptions from “tauari” woods Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari are given and a table with diagnostic differences is presented. Common characters of this group are axial parenchyma in narrow continuous bands, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells and silica bodies in ray cells. Microscopic features that help in species identification are: fibre pitting (minutely or distinctly bordered), traumatic intercellular canals, average vessel diameter, vessel element length, axial parenchyma strand length, and ray height and width.

scholarly journals Wood Anatomy of Argophyllaceae (Asterales): Adaptation in a Small Clade

Aliso ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist ◽  
Mark Olson
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings ◽  
Mild Drought

Argophyllaceae (Argophyllum, 14 spp.; Corokia, 6 spp.; Lautea, 1 sp.), are shrubs that occur in the southwestern Pacific and eastern Australia. They occur in habitats where moisture is relatively common but dry days and mild frost may occur. The woods of these genera show enough distinctive features to justify their grouping in a single family: perforation plates with 10–20 bars, vessel elements narrow and numerous per mm2, imperforate tracheary elements about 50% longer than the vessel elements, axial parenchyma scarce, diffuse, multiseriate rays narrow and heterocellular (upright cells common in uniseriate rays), crystals absent, gum deposits common. These features group the genera of Argophyllaceae more closely with each other than with the nearest families in Asterales (Alseuosmiaceae, Phellinaceae). Probable apomorphies of the genera include helical thickenings in vessels and tracheids, together with abundant tracheids and rare septate fiber-tracheids (Corokia); almost total absence of axial parenchyma and tracheids combined with maximal abundance of septate fiber-tracheids and no helical thickenings (Argophyllum, Lautea). Lautea, formerly included within Corokia, has floral and foliar distinctions and is endemic to a single island, Rapa Iti. Woods of Argophyllaceae are alike in their ecological adaptations (perforation plates, vessel diameter and density) but the presence of tracheids and helical thickenings in Corokia suggest adaptations to frost and mild drought. As expected, vessels group more prominently in the tracheid-free species (Argophyllum, Lautea) but very little in the tracheid-rich genus Corokia.

scholarly journals Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Leandro Roberto Longo ◽  
Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Claudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

Wood Anatomy of the Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽  
Sung Jae Lee ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomical data for all three extant genera of the Altingiaceae and 23 of the 27 extant genera of the Hamamelidaceae were compiled in an effort to find features distinctive to genera, tribes, or subfamilies within these families. All genera studied have diffuse porous wood (except Corylopsis which tends to be semi-ring porous), vessels are predominantly solitary and narrow (<100 μm, usually <50 μm) and angular in outline, vessel elements are long (>800 μm) with scalariform perforation plates with average bar numbers of 9–44, intervessel pits are mainly scalariform to opposite, vessel-ray parenchyma pits are scalariform with slightly reduced borders and usually are in the square to upright marginal ray parenchyma cells, rays are heterocellular and narrow, usually 1–3-seriate. Although the wood anatomy of both families is relatively homogeneous, it is possible to key out many genera using a combination of qualitative (presence/absence and location of helical thickenings in vessel elements and fibers, crystal occurrence, axial parenchyma abundance, degree of ray heterogeneity) and quantitative features (number of bars per perforation plate and ray width). Helical thickenings are present throughout the vessel elements in three genera (Loropetalum, Altingia, Semiliquidambar) and are restricted to the vessel element tails in two genera (Corylopsis, Liquidambar). Loropetalum has helical thickenings in ground tissue fibers as well. Axial parenchyma abundance varies from scarce to relatively abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates. One clade of the tribe Fothergilleae (Distylium, Distyliopsis, Sycopsis, Shaniodendron, Parrotia, Parrotiopsis) has more abundant axial parenchyma and is characterized by narrow, usually interrupted bands of apotracheal parenchyma. Nearly exclusively uniseriate rays occur in some species of Hamamelis and in Exbucklandia, Chunia, Dicoryphe, and Fothergilla. These data on extant Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae not only provide information relevant for systematic, phylogenetic and ecological wood anatomy and wood identification, but also give context for reviewing the fossil woods assigned to them. A new combination is proposed for the Miocene Liquidambar hisauchii (Watari) Suzuki & Watari from Japan: Altingia hisauchii (Watari) Wheeler, Baas & Lee.

Comparative wood anatomy of Eucryphia wilkiei and E. jinksii (Cunoniaceae): two narrow endemics from Queensland, Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Imogen Poole ◽  
Richard W. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Narrow Endemics ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Qualitative and quantitative wood anatomical data are given for two narrow Queensland endemic Eucryphia species, E. wilkiei B.Hyland and Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. Comparisons of wood anatomy of all extant Eucryphia taxa show that E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are distinct from each other, and other Eucryphia species. However, for both species characters relating to perforation plates, helical thickening (E. wilkiei only) and fibres are shared with the South American species, whereas the presence of crystals in the axial parenchyma is shared only with the Australian species. These data suggest that, based on wood anatomy, E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are basal among Australian species.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

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