scholarly journals The Wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from Post-Agricultural Lands Has Suitable Properties for the Timber Industry

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Jankowska ◽  
Mariusz Mamiński ◽  
Katarzyna Marciszewska ◽  
Wojciech Ciurzycki ◽  
...  

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a widespread species throughout Europe and at the same time is dominant in Polish forests and of key importance in the wood industry. Pine stands are subjected to numerous environmental stresses, and one of them is the different physico-chemical and biological properties of post-agricultural soils compared to forest soils, which may affect the properties of the resulting wood and its industrial suitability. The research material taken at the height of 1.3 m from tree trunks (breast height diameter, dbh) in the form of sections and discs was collected in an 80-year-old pine stand from four plots, representing former agricultural and ancient forest land, and two types of habitats: fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest. The forest habitat trophy had a decisive impact on the dendrometric characteristics and properties of pine wood (density, modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and compressive strength along the tracheids). The history of soil use (post-agricultural or forestry) did not affect the analyzed pine wood properties. Regardless of the forest habitat type and soil type history, pine wood at the dbh height showed a variability of features typical of century-old cultivated stands. Individual pine trunks were characterized by significant individual variability.

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311
Author(s):  
Marek Wieruszewski ◽  
Katarzyna Mydlarz

This article starts a series of articles on dependences between the conditions of the growth of trees in forests and the technical aspects and directions of using the raw material obtained from these trees. This is a key feature for wood purchasers because it determines the efficiency of production and directly affects the final financial result of their activity. Wood represents an environmentally sustainable and renewable material, which is a widely available raw material on the market and must meet specific quality and strength requirements. These parameters indicate the utility values of wood and the possibilities of its use. One of the factors influencing the properties of wood is the type of the forest habitat it comes from. In order to determine this influence, tests were carried out to show how tree growth conditions affected changes in the density and strength of raw wood. The assumption (hypothesis) about the correlation between the static bending strength of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood and the forest habitat was verified on four forest types, i.e., fresh coniferous forest (FCF), fresh mixed coniferous forest (FMCF), fresh mixed forest (FMF) and fresh forest (FF). The properties depend largely on the wood structure, its origin on the cross section and the length of the stems. The raw material selected for the study came from Scots pine trees growing in forests in central Poland. The study confirmed the influence of the habitat on changes in the density and strength of pinewood. There was a correlation between the habitat FMCF and the quality parameters of the raw material, which reflected the wood structure r = 0.775; p < 0.05.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Marcin Pikiński ◽  
Jaroslav Szaban ◽  
Gerda Šilingienė ◽  
Robert Korzeniewicz ◽  
Witold Pazdrowski

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood depending on the age of trees, forest site conditions and social class of tree position in the stand. Analyses were based on the determination of specific density and static bending strength, as well as the strength quality coefficient. It was to determine changes in physical and mechanical properties of timber depending on tree age as well as growth conditions reflected in the forest site such as fresh mixed coniferous forests and fresh mixed broadleaved forests. Experimental plots were established in 6 localities with 30, 40 and 60-year-old trees. In each of the stands, a 1-hectare experimental plot was established. Based on the measured DBH and tree height, dimensions of three mean sample trees were calculated, while the classification of social class of tree position in the stand developed by Kraft (1884) was also applied. Analyses were conducted on wood samples with 12% moisture content. Strength tests on wood samples were performed on an Instron 33RH204 universal strength testing machine. A detailed analysis showed properties of pine wood are improved with an increase of tree age in both forest sites. Statistically significant differences were observed for wood density and static bending strength. More advantageous properties were observed for wood of pines from the less fertile forest site, i.e., fresh mixed coniferous forests. Density and static bending strength were markedly determined by tree age and growth conditions. The static bending strength quality coefficient from pines growing in the fresh mixed coniferous forests increased between 30 and 40 years, similarly as it was for the fresh mixed broadleaved forests, while between 40 and 60 years, it deteriorated for the fresh mixed coniferous forests. Wood density from the fresh mixed coniferous forests was by 3% to 7% greater than pines growing in fresh mixed broadleaved forests. In turn, static bending strength of wood from pines growing in fresh mixed coniferous forests was by 4% to 10% greater than trees from the fresh mixed broadleaved forests.  Keywords: Scots pine, wood properties, forest site, Poland


2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrida Pliopaitė Bataitienė ◽  
Donatas Butkus

Artificial radionuclides entered the environment mostly as a result of nuclear explosions, accidents at nuclear power plants and are entering due to the operation of the nuclear industry. After entering the environment, radionuclides spread globally at the world level, affect all environmental components and accumulate here. One of such environmental components is the tree. It, as if a historical chronicle, fixes the previous contamination and the former climatic conditions. One of the ways to read that chronicle is to estimate the radionuclide soil‐to‐tree transfer factors and coefficients. This work presents and analyses the experimental data of a study on the transfer of radionuclides from the soil to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The report investigates the transfer of 90Sr and 137Cs from a soil layer of 0–20 cm to Scots pine wood. For investigation, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was selected. Its growing site is in Alytus district, in a woody territory, where it falls into an increased radioactive contamination patch. On this growing site, sandy soils are prevailing. It is identified that 90Sr transfer factor to the pinewood under study ranges from 0.005 ± 0.002 to 0.315 ± 0.002, and transfer coefficients from (0.2 ± 0.1) •10–4 to (4.0 ± 0.6) •10–4m2/kg. Meanwhile, the coefficients of 137Cs transfer from the soil to Scots pine wood ranges from – (4.0 ± 1.0) • 10–4 m2/kg to (8.0 ± 2.0) • 10–4 m2/kg. The identified mean transfer coefficients of 137Cs are approximately five times higher than mean coefficients of 90Sr transfer from soil to wood. Santrauka Dirbtines kilmes radionuklidai daugiausiai i aplinka pasklido del vykdytu branduoliniu sprogdinimu, avariju atominese elektrinese ir tebepatenka veikiant branduolinei pramonei. Pateke i aplinka, radionuklidai globaliai pasklinda ir veikia visus aplinkos komponentus bei juose kaupiasi. Vienas iš tokiu aplinkos komponentu yra medis. Jis tarsi istorijos metraštis fiksuoja buvusia užtarša ir buvusias klimatines salygas. Vienas iš būdu perskaityti ši metrašti – radionuklidu pernašos iš dirvožemio i medi faktoriu ar koeficientu vertinimas. Darbe pateikiami ir analizuojami eksperimentiniai radionuklidu pernašos iš dirvožemio i paprastaja puši (Pinus sylvestris L.) duomenys. Nagrinejama 90Sr ir 137Cs pernaša iš 0–20 cm dirvožemio sluoksnio i paprastosios pušies mediena. Tirti parinkta paprastoji pušis (Pinus sylvestris L.). Jos augaviete yra Alytaus apskrityje miškingoje teritorijoje, kuri patenka i didesnes radioaktyviosios užtaršos zona. Šioje augavieteje vyrauja priesmelio tipo dirvožemiai. Nustatyta, kad 90Sr pernašos i tiriamaja pušies mediena faktorius kinta nuo 0,005±0,002 iki 0,315±0,002, o pernašos koeficientai – nuo (0,2 ± 0,1)•10–4 iki (4,0±0,6)•10–4 m2/kg. 137Cs pernašos iš dirvožemio i paprastosios pušies mediena koeficientai kinta nuo (4,0±1,0)•10–4 m2/kg iki (8,0±2,0)•10–4 m2/kg. Nustatyti 137Cs pernašos vidutiniai koeficientai yra apytiksliai 5 kartus didesni nei vidutiniai 90Sr pernašos iš dirvožemio i mediena koeficientai. Резюме Искусственные радионуклиды в окружающей среде появились вследствие ядерных взрывов, аварий на атомных электростанциях и выпадений при работе ядерной промышленности. Радионуклиды распространяются в атмосфере и накапливаются в компонентах окружающей среды. Одним из компонентов окружающей среды являются деревья. Они как бы записывают историю случившегося загрязнения окружающей среды и климатические условия прошлого. Один из способов прочтения такого ежегодника – изучение факторов или коэффициентов переноса радионуклидов из почвы в деревья. В статье анализируются экспериментальные данные о поступлении радионуклидов в сосну (Pinus sylvestris L.) из почвы. Изучается перенос 90Sr и 137Cs из слоя почвы толщиной 0–20 см в компоненты сосны. Местом роста анализируемой сосны (Pinus sylvestris L.) послужила лесная местность в Алитусском районе, в которой после Чернобыльской катастрофы зафиксировано повышенное радиоактивное загрязнение. На этом участке доминирует супесь. Было установлено, что фактор передачи 90Sr из почвы в сосну варьирует от 0,005±0,002 до 0,315±0,002, а коэффициенты – от (0,2 ± 0,1) · 10–4 до (4,0±0,6) · 10 –4 m 2 /кg. Коэффициент переноса 137Cs из почвы в древесину сосны варьирует от (4,0±1,0) · 10–4 m 2 /kg до (8.0±2.0) · 10–4 m 2 /кg. Установлено, что средний коэффициент переноса 137Cs из почвы в древесину сосны (Pinus sylvestris L.) примерно в 5 раз больше, чем коэффициент переноса 90Sr.


2020 ◽  
Vol XIII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Maciej Hałuszczak

For many years, the Skwierzyna Forest District has been a leader among 35 units of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Szczecin in terms of the area of the obtained natural regeneration of Scots pine. In the Skwierzyna Forest District in the period 2010-2018, 522.93 ha of natural regeneration was recognized, which constitutes 43% of the total regeneration, the habitat of fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh coniferous forest as optimal for obtaining regeneration of the natural pine. In the spring date of plowing, the forest plow LPz-75 is applied, as the best for obtaining satisfactory self-seeding. The basic method of natural regeneration of pine in the Skwierzyna Forest Inspectorate is the use of a strip-like clear cutting (Ib) in the form of classic narrow sheds, with a cutting width of up to 60 m. It is noteworthy that in the woodcutting the under-eaves undergrowths, arising in forest stands close to the harvest, are left intact and later used within the naturally renovated area.


Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Terziev ◽  
G. Daniel

Summary Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planks were dried in industrial progressive, conventional batch and high temperature kilns. The timber was further impregnated in an industrial autoclave with three preservatives used for above ground use. Samples dried by the three test methods and control samples were thereafter processed for scanning electron microscopy observations. Small clear specimens were sawn for determination of impact bending strength, modulus of elasticity and rupture (MOE and MOR) and hardness. The high temperature dried wood (at 115 °C) was characterised by partially damaged apertures in some bordered pits and nano- (10–20 nm) and micro checks (1–2 μm) in the warty and S3 layers of the cell walls. It is probable that certain modifications in the structure of the wood polymer complex also occurred due to hemicellulose thermal degradation. The above-mentioned structural changes facilitated the penetration of the preservative during impregnation and its evacuation during the final stage of vacuum. The industrial progressive and conventional batch kiln drying had no visible effect on the microstructure of Scots pine wood. There was no critical reduction of the impact bending strength, hardness and MOE of the dried untreated wood regardless of the drying method. MOR was significantly decreased after the conventional kiln drying, but not following high temperature drying. Impregnation with Tanalith E and conventional batch kiln drying aggravated the MOE and MOR of the high temperature dried wood, but both MOE and MOR did not differ significantly from those of progressive and conventional batch kiln dried samples.


2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Sławomir Ambroży ◽  
Mariusz Kapsa

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine the biometric features of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. regeneration in terms of their susceptibility to weather-inflicted damage. We compared the damage between three sites located in the Polish part of the Carpathians: Scots pine planted in (I) fertile sites of mountain broadleaved and mixed broadleaved forest, (II) poor sites of mountain coniferous forest and (III) sites of Scots pine natural refuges during the post-glacial period. In each of the three sites of pine regeneration, 11 research plots were established with 50 pine trees on each plot. For each tree, the following biometric measurements were taken: diameter at breast height, height, 3-year height increment, crown length and crown width measured along the contour line. The Scots pine regeneration was found to vary in terms of their biometric features depending on the site fertility. In fertile sites, the biometric parameters of the trees increased at a faster rate compared to low-fertility sites causing an increase in their susceptibility to damage by adverse weather conditions such as snow and rime. Therefore, the silvicultural risk in fertile sites is high and thus the introduction of pine for regeneration should be avoided in fertile broadleaved and mixed broadleaved forests even if pine provenances from a mountain origin are to be planted. Furthermore, tending cuts in regeneration should be made frequently, but with moderate intensity so as to avoid excessive reductions in tree density. Intensive cuts, especially in fertile sites, promote the expansion of pine crowns, which further increases the risk of damage.


Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-254
Author(s):  
Emília Orémusová ◽  
Eva Výbohová

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood were thermally treated in an oven at the temperatures of 160°C, and 200°C under atmospheric pressure in the presence of air for 3 and 9 hrs. The mass loss and gross calorific value were determined. Non-treated wood samples achieved a gross calorific value of 22 193 J.g-1 for pine wood and 19 277 J.g-1 for oak wood. Whereas the calorific value of pine wood with increasing severity of treatment decreased, in the case of oak it increased. The mass loss increased with increasing treatment severity by both wood species. Mentioned differences in pine and oak wood behaviour using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were explained. In the case of pine wood with increasing temperature and time of exposure a decrease of resin acids was observed. This may be contributed to decrease in GCV. In the case of oak wood, mainly at temperature of 200°C the degradation of hemicelluloses was observed that results in relative increasing in the lignin content with followed increase in the GCV.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Tymendorf ◽  
Grzegorz Trzciński

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most important forest tree species in Europe, and its wood is a main raw material in the wood industry of many countries of the region. The high variability of pine wood density in connection with its moisture content is a challenge in transport operations. An important part of the roundwood transport of pine wood by trucks is the transport of large-size roundwood (sawlogs). As part of the research, an analysis was carried out of the influence of absolute wood moisture content, determined in various ways, on selected truck transport parameters of large-size pine wood. The analyses of the supply of wood to a large sawmill in northern Poland took into account different seasons. The results indicate that the average moisture content of the transported pine wood is at a level of approximately 95% (determined by dry weight) and the density at 0.878 Mg m−3 (determined using the stereometric method). Quick measurement with the use of a resistance hygrometer gives significantly lower results both on the side surface and on the cross-cut end of the log. Regardless of the method of measurement, the absolute moisture content of wood in loads depends on the date of delivery (season), which is reflected in the variability of the density and weight of the loads. The indicated strong correlations between the selected, tested characteristics of roundwood transports are important for forestry practice too. It is the possibility of using the methods of quick determination of fresh wood moisture to estimate the density of wood and to predict and determine the mass of the load.


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