scholarly journals Practical Implications of Different Phenotypic and Molecular Responses of Evergreen Conifer and Broadleaf Deciduous Forest Tree Species to Regulated Water Deficit in a Container Nursery

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Piotr Robakowski ◽  
Tomasz P. Wyka ◽  
Wojciech Kowalkowski ◽  
Władysław Barzdajn ◽  
Emilia Pers-Kamczyc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Evergreen Conifers ◽  
Container Nursery

Recent climatic changes have resulted in an increased frequency and prolonged periods of drought and strained water resources affecting plant production. We explored the possibility of reducing irrigation in a container nursery and studied the growth responses of seedlings of four economically important forest trees: broadleaf deciduous angiosperms Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., and evergreen conifers Abies alba Mill. and Pinus sylvestris L. We also studied markers of water stress including modifications of biomass allocation, leaf anatomy, proline accumulation, and expression of selected genes. Growth of the broadleaved deciduous species was more sensitive to the reduced water supply than that of conifers. Remarkably, growth of the shade tolerant Abies was not affected. Adjustment of biomass allocations was strongest in P. sylvestris, with a remarkable increase in allocation to roots. In response to water deficit both deciduous species accumulated proline in leaves and produced leaves with shorter palisade cells, reduced vascular tissues, and smaller conduit diameters. These responses did not occur in conifers. Relative transcript abundance of a gene encoding the Zn-finger protein in Q. petraea and a gene encoding the pore calcium channel protein 1 in A. alba increased as water deficit increased. Our study shows major differences between functional groups in response to irrigation, with seedlings of evergreen conifers having higher tolerance than the deciduous species. This suggests that major water savings could be achieved by adjusting irrigation regime to functional group or species requirements.

scholarly journals Practical Implications of Different Phenotypic and Molecular Responses of Evergreen Conifer and Broadleaf Deciduous Forest Tree Species to Regulated Water Deficit in a Container Nursery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Robakowski ◽  
Tomasz Wyka ◽  
Kowalkowski Wojciech ◽  
Władysław Barzdajn ◽  
Emilia Pers-Kamczyc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Evergreen Conifers ◽  
Container Nursery

Recent climatic changes have resulted in an increased frequency and prolonged periods of drought and strained water resources affecting plant production. We explored the possibility of reducing irrigation in a container nursery and studied the growth response of seedlings of economically important forest trees: broadleaf deciduous angiosperms Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and evergreen conifers Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris. We also studied markers of water stress including modifications of biomass allocation, leaf anatomy, proline accumulation and expression of selected genes. Growth of the broadleaved deciduous species was more sensitive to the reduced water supply than that of conifers. Remarkably, growth of the shade tolerant Abies was not affected. Adjustment of biomass allocations was strongest in P. sylvestris, with a remarkable increase in allocation to roots. In response to water deficit both deciduous species accumulated proline in leaves and produced leaves with shorter palisade cells, reduced vascular tissues and smaller conduit diameters, but not conifers. Relative transcript abundance of a gene encoding a Zn-finger protein in Q. petraea and a gene encoding a pore calcium channel protein 1 in A. alba increased as water deficit increased. These findings suggest that in container nursery, the genetic selection can be initiated by water deficit. Our study shows major differences between functional groups in response to irrigation, with seedlings of evergreen conifers having higher tolerance than the deciduous species. This suggests that major water savings could be achieved by adjusting irrigation regime to functional group or species requirements.

scholarly journals Control of Substrate Water Availability Using Soil Sensors and Effects of Water Deficit on the Morphology and Physiology of Potted Hebe andersonii

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Daniel Bañón ◽  
Beatriz Lorente ◽  
Sebastián Bañón ◽  
María Fernanda Ortuño ◽  
María Jesús Sánchez-Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Soil Sensors ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Substrate Moisture

Many plant producers tend to overwater crops to prevent water stress and salt-induced damage. These practices waste irrigation water and cause leaching that harms the environment and increases production costs. In order to optimize water consumption and minimize the environmental impact of plant production, this study aimed to determine the physiological and morphological responses of Hebe andersonii to three substrate volumetric water contents (49%, 39%, and 32%). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with an irrigation protocol that consisted of adding small volumes of water to avoid leaching while monitoring substrate moisture with dielectric soil sensors. The results showed that moderately low substrate moisture improved the water-use efficiency, while growth was significantly reduced under more severe water deficit conditions (but without leaf chlorosis or abscission). The photosynthetic activity of Hebe was primarily controlled by the stomatal aperture, which was co-determined by the substrate moisture and seasonal temperature. Hebe leaves promoted non-photochemical quenching when carbon assimilation was limited by a water deficit, and accumulated solutes through an osmotic adjustment process (especially Cl−, Na+, and K+) to maintain their water status. Overall, Hebe andersoni cv. Variegata could successfully grow and improve its water-use efficiency in low substrate moisture and under a non-draining irrigation regime.

scholarly journals Carbon gain optimization in five broadleaf deciduous trees in response to light variation within the crown: correlations among morphological, anatomical and physiological leaf traits

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela Catoni ◽  
Loretta Gratani ◽  
Francesco Sartori ◽  
Laura Varone ◽  
Mirko U. Granata
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Light Variation ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

AbstractLeaf trait variations in five deciduous species (Quercus robur, Corylus avellana, Populus alba, Acer campestre, Robinia pseudoacacia) growing in an old broadleaf deciduous forest in response to light variation within the tree crown was analyzed. Net photosynthetic rate (PN), leaf respiration rate (R) and the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency were, on average, more than 100% higher in sun than in shade leaves. A. campestre and C. avellana sun leaves had the highest specific leaf area (SLA, 156.0 ± 17.9 cm2 g-1) and the lowest total leaf thickness (L, 101.9 ± 8.8 μm) underlining their shade-tolerance. Among the shade-intolerant species (Q. robur, P. alba and R. pseudoacacia), Q. robur had the lowest SLA and the highest L in sun leaves (130.6 ± 10.0 cm2 g-1 and 160.8 ± 9.6 μm, respectively) since shade-intolerant species typically have thicker leaves. The higher PN decrease in respect to R decrease from sun to shade leaves attested the higher sensitivity of PN than R to light variations within the crown. This determined a 69% lower R/PN in sun than in shade leaves. This result is further attested by the significant correlation between PN and the relative photosynthetic photon flux density. The shade-tolerant species have a 76% higher R/PN ratio than the shade-intolerant ones. The measured leaf phenotypic plasticity (PI = 0.35) was in the range of broadleaf deciduous species. Plasticity is a key trait useful to quantify plant response to environmental stimuli. It is defined as the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment. Among the considered species, Q. robur showed the highest PI (0.39) and P. alba the lowest (0.29). Knowledge on phenotypic plasticity is important in making hypotheses about the dynamics of the studied forest in consideration of environmental stress factors, including invasive species competition and global climate change.

scholarly journals Comparative Water and Nutrient Application Rates among Ornamental Operations in Maryland

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1364-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Majsztrik ◽  
Andrew G. Ristvey ◽  
David S. Ross ◽  
John D. Lea-Cox
Keyword(s):  
Production Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Irrigation Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Container Nursery

Quantifying the range of fertilizer and irrigation application rates applied by the ornamental nursery and greenhouse industry is challenging as a result of the variety of species, production systems, and cultural management techniques that are used. To gain a better understanding of nutrient and water use by the ornamental industry in Maryland, 491 potential operations (including multiple addresses and contacts) in the state were mailed a packet of information asking for their voluntary participation. Of the 491 potential operations, it was determined that 348 operations were currently in operation. Of those 348 operations, 48 (14% of the operations in the state) participated in a site visit and an in-depth interview, and a detailed site analysis of the water and nutrient management practices was performed on a production management unit (MU) basis. The authors define an MU as a group of plants that is managed similarly, particularly in regard to nutrient and irrigation application. Greenhouse operations reported, on average, 198, 122, and 196 kg/ha/year of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P, as P2O5), and potassium (K, as K2O) fertilizer used, respectively, for 27 operations, representing 188 MUs. Twenty-seven outdoor container nursery operations had a total of 162 MUs, with an average of 964, 390, and 556 kg/ha/year of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer used, respectively. Field nursery (soil-based) operations were represented by 17 operations, producing 96 MUs, with an average of 67, 20, and 25 kg/ha/year of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer used, respectively. Irrigation volume per application was greatest in container nursery operations, followed by greenhouse and field nursery operations. Data were also analyzed by creating quartiles, which represent the median of the lowest 25%, the middle 50%, and highest 75% of values. It is likely that the greatest quartile application rates reported by growers could be substantially reduced with little to no effect on plant production time or quality. These data also provide baseline information to determine changes in fertilization practices over time. They were also used as inputs for water and nutrient management models developed as part of this study. These data may also be useful for informing nutrient application rates used in the Chesapeake Bay nutrient modeling process.

scholarly journals Physiological tolerance to drought under high temperature in soybean cultivars

2019 ◽  
pp. 976-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jônatas Neves de Castro ◽  
Caroline Müller ◽  
Gabriel Martins Almeida ◽  
Alan Carlos Costa
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Effective Quantum Yield ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Soybean Cultivars

Soybean is one of the most economically important crops and has experienced adverse physiological and biochemical effects when subjected to drought stress and heat, resulting in lost productivity. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological, metabolic and growth responses of well-watered and drought-treated soybean cultivars under high temperature. The experimental design was set up in randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme with three soybean cultivars (7739 M, Anta 82 and Desafio) and two water levels (100% and 40% field capacity). The experiment was conducted in a controlled growth chamber with a gradual rise in temperature at 41°C for 5 hours daily. Morpho-physiological and metabolic analyses were performed 12 days after the treatments imposition. The parameters of water and osmotic potentials, relative water content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiratory rate, electron flux for the carboxylation and oxygenation of RuBisCO were decreased for all cultivars under water deficit and high temperature. The results showed that the photorespiration and the rate of electrolyte leakage were increased as well. These results showed that these physiological behaviors are standard for soybean plants under water deficit, regardless of cultivars. The cultivars 7739 M and Desafio showed lower performance than the cultivar Anta 82 for the parameters of total electron flow and effective quantum yield of PS II. The 7739 M and Anta 82 were the only cultivars to show increased non-photochemical quenching dissipation and total soluble sugar content, respectively, under stress conditions. Desafio cultivar demonstrated greater physiological and growth traits stability, which could potentially indicate double tolerance to these stresses.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of the diameter increment of fir (Abies alba Mill.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a mixed stand

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Abies Alba ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mixed Stand ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Total Magnitude ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Non Destructive

In the growing season 2001 changes were studied in the diameter increment of selected sample trees of silver fir and beech in a mixed stand using mechanical girth dendrometers. Within the selected set of trees individual differences were determined both in the dynamics of increment and in its total magnitude. The differences are evident not only between tree species but also within particular species in trees of the same diameter. On the basis of the results of a detailed study of diameter increment dynamics in the course of a year using a non-destructive method by means of mechanical dendrometers and measurements of particular components of microclimate individual growth responses of trees to selected external factors were determined.

scholarly journals Mutations in the Drosophila gene encoding ribosomal protein S6 cause tissue overgrowth.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2524-2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Stewart ◽  
R Denell
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
P Element ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Drosophila Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Protein S6 ◽  
Melanotic Tumors ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Insect Immune Response

We have characterized two P-element-induced, lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster which affect the larval hemocytes, mediators of the insect immune response. Each mutant displays larval melanotic tumors characteristic of mutations affecting the insect cellular immune system, and the moribund animals develop grossly hypertrophied hematopoietic organs because of increased cell proliferation and extra rounds of endoreduplication in some hematopoietic cells. Surprisingly, these mutations are due to P element insertions in the 5' regulatory region of the Drosophila gene encoding ribosomal protein S6 and cause a reduction of S6 transcript abundance in mutant larvae.

Responses of young plants of Vachellia farnesiana to drought

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane Moura ◽  
Evandro A. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Environment Experiment ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Water availability in soil modulates plant acclimatisation responses in different habitats. In this study, we evaluated the effect of water deficit on the physiological, biochemical and growth responses of Vachellia farnesiana. Open environment experiment was conducted during 90 days and two conditions of hydration were tested: full hydration (H) and water deficit (WD) at 25% of field capacity. The relative water content (RWC) of the leaves under WD showed a 30.2% decrease (P < 0.01), compared with the hydrated plants at 30 days. A decrease in the RWC led to decrease in the osmotic potential (Ψs), quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and lesser content of chlorophylls a and b under WD. A greater carotenoid content and simultaneous increase in the content of proline, H2O2 and phenolic compounds of the leaves was also observed in WD. Water deficit also promoted differences in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of the leaves when compared with hydrated plants. Although they showed growth deficit, plants of V. farnesiana demonstrated resistance to WD through physiological and biochemical adjustments.

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