scholarly journals Herbivore Gender Effects on Volatile Induction in Aspen and on Olfactory Responses in Leaf Beetles

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Kristen Grauer-Gray ◽  
Jarmo K. Holopainen ◽  
James D. Blande
Keyword(s):  
Gender Effects ◽  
Host Plant Selection ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Biogenic Voc ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Herbivore Pressure

Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides Michx.) is a fast-growing tree species used for short-rotation forestry in northern latitudes. Aspen species have a rich herbivore fauna, including defoliating leaf beetles that induce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when feeding on aspen leaves. We investigated the differential induction of VOCs by male and female Phratora laticollis leaf beetles feeding on hybrid aspen and the differences in the orientation of beetles in response to gender-specific induced VOCs. The hypotheses for the study were (1) the VOCs in the headspace of plants infested with beetles of the two genders individually and in mixed aggregates would vary subtly, and (2) foraging adult beetles would be able to detect differences in VOC blends and use them to fine-tune their orientation choices. In Y-tube bioassays, both females and males preferred VOCs from leaves damaged by one gender (females or males) over undamaged leaves. However, if leaves were damaged by a two-gender population, neither females nor males indicated a preference over volatiles of undamaged leaves. Leaves damaged by both beetle genders simultaneously had significantly increased green leaf volatile (GLV), benzenoid and homoterpene emissions compared to undamaged leaves. Emissions of these compounds possibly indicate higher herbivore pressure and a higher risk of attack by parasitoids and predators and could thus be the cause of the lack of beetle preference. Our findings provide new basic information on gender-based host plant selection by herbivores and may be helpful in the development of sustainable biogenic VOC-based herbivore-control methods for intensive short-rotation hybrid aspen production.

scholarly journals Salesperson authenticity and gender-based perceptions: an international study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Michael Stros ◽  
Timothy Heinze ◽  
David Říha ◽  
Bodo Möslein-Tröppner ◽  
Elena Říhová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
International Study ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Sales Training ◽  
Sales Effectiveness ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Mirroring the increasing percentage of women in the professional workforce, the number of females in sales has dramatically risen in recent years. The growth of gender diversity within the world of B-to-B buying and selling requires an examination of potential gender effects associated with interpersonal communications. The latter influences perceptions of authenticity, which in turn, influence sales effectiveness. The current study uses an international sample to review interpersonal communication drivers that are associated with buyer perceptions of salesperson authenticity. Gender differences associated with the processing of body language and the spoken word are particularly examined. Results indicate that, in high-involvement sales situations, female perceptions of salesperson authenticity are highly influenced by salesperson body language. Male perceptions, conversely, are more heavily influenced by the spoken word. Implications for sales training are provided.

An Analysis of Job Evaluation Committee and Job Holder Gender Effects on Job Evaluation

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad T. Lewis ◽  
Cynthia Kay Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Partial Solution ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Comparable Worth ◽  
Job Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Committee ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

In a study designed to examine the impact of knowledge of a job holder's gender and the dominant gender of a job evaluation committee on job evaluation ratings, knowledge of job holder gender was found to significantly bias committee ratings. The same position was rated more highly when it was held by a male than when it was held by a female, regardless of whether the job evaluation committee was dominated by males or females. This evidence of gender-based discrimination underscores the importance of maintaining anonymity of job holders when conducting job evaluation. Unavoidable bias, which may occur in smaller organizations where the identities of job holders are known, suggests that mandating job evaluation as a means of implementing of comparable worth may be only a partial solution at best.

scholarly journals First Record Of Clytra Laeviuscula Ratzeburg As Potential Insect Pest Of Energy Willow (Salix Viminalis L.) In Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Tatyana Stefanovska ◽  
Edwin Lewis ◽  
Valentina Pidlisnyuk ◽  
Oleg Smyrnykh
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Control Program ◽  
First Record ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Long Time

Abstract Cultivation of short rotation coppice energy willow (SRC EW), Salix viminalis L., has a great potential in Ukraine as a source of biomass for biofuel production. Commercial production of this species was recently initiated in the country. The growing of SRC EW in Western and Northern Europe for a long time showed that leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are key pests causing significant biomass reduction. However, data about the pest complex for energy willow growing in Ukraine is not available. Our three-year experiment in Poltava region, Ukraine showed that foliar damage caused by Clytra laeviuscula Ratzeburg (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) occurred at energy willow plantations in the second year of production, which could have an effect on commercial production. Accordingly, information about seasonal activity, population dynamics, host range and the role of natural enemies in pest regulation are requested for developing pest control program.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE POPLAR BEETLE CHRYSOMELA TREMULAE F. IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF FRANCE

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Augustin ◽  
J. Lévieux
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polyphagous Insects ◽  
Poplar Leaf

The need to exploit new sources of energy has recently led France to encourage several research programs toward the cultivation of crops for biomass production to extract alcohol, glucides, and chips for burning. To produce large quantities of biomass rapidly, several species of Populus have been selectively tested in short rotation coppices on about 400 ha in several parts of the country.Among the practical consequences of this policy, one appears to be harmful, namely the spatial extension of several pests, mainly leaf eaters or polyphagous insects. These insects previously were located in poplar nurseries. Among the leaf eaters, larvae and adults of the poplar leaf beetles Chrysomela (= Melasoma) populi L. and Chrysomela tremulae F. feed on many poplar species in central France (e.g. Populus tremula L., Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray, Populus deltoides Bartram, Populus lasiocarpa Oliver).

scholarly journals Coppicing improves the growth response of short-rotation hybrid aspen to elevated atmospheric humidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 459 ◽  
pp. 117825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvo Tullus ◽  
Katrin Rosenvald ◽  
Reimo Lutter ◽  
Ants Kaasik ◽  
Priit Kupper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Short Rotation

Excess of non-right-handedness in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of gender effects and potential biases in handedness assessment

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Hirnstein ◽  
Kenneth Hugdahl
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Genetic Link ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Abnormal Brain

BackgroundThe notion that schizophrenia is characterised by increased non-right-handedness is a cornerstone of the theory that schizophrenia arises from, and is genetically linked to, abnormal brain lateralisation. Reviews and meta-analyses have reported higher rates of non-right-handers in patients with schizophrenia. However, this was suggested to be the result of a gender artefact or a hidden bias in self-report handedness questionnaires.AimsTo investigate using a meta-analytical approach whether the excess of non-right-handedness is seen in both females and males, and also when handedness is assessed behaviourally.MethodElectronic databases were searched for studies that reported (a) the rate of female and male non-right-handers in schizophrenia compared with controls and (b) the rate of non-right-handers in schizophrenia (regardless of gender) based on behavioural handedness assessment.ResultsThe odds ratios (ORs) for females (OR = 1.63; based on 621 patients, 3747 controls) and males (OR = 1.50; based on 1213 patients, 3800 controls) differed significantly from 1.0, indicating both female and male patients were more often non-right-handed than controls. Moreover, there was an excess of non-right-handedness in patients with schizophrenia when handedness was assessed behaviourally: OR = 1.84 (1255 patients, 6260 controls). Even when both gender and behavioural handedness assessment were controlled for simultaneously, the excess of non-right-handedness persisted.ConclusionsThe findings clearly demonstrate that the excess of non-right-handedness in schizophrenia does not result from a gender artefact or from biased handedness questionnaires. It is a true empirical effect and may indeed reflect a genetic link between schizophrenia and brain lateralisation.

scholarly journals Early preschool environments and gender: Effects of gender pedagogy in Sweden

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Fawcett ◽  
Ben Kenward
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Preschool Programs ◽  
Central District ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Automatic Encoding

To test how early social environments affect children’s consideration of gender, 3- to 6-year-old children (N = 80) enrolled in gender-neutral or typical preschool programs in the central district of a large Swedish city completed measures designed to assess their gender-based social preferences, stereotypes, and automatic encoding. Compared with children in typical preschools, a greater proportion of children in the gender-neutral school were interested in playing with unfamiliar other-gender children. In addition, children attending the gender-neutral preschool scored lower on a gender stereotyping measure than children attending typical preschools. Children at the gender-neutral school, however, were not less likely to automatically encode others’ gender. The findings suggest that gender-neutral pedagogy has moderate effects on how children think and feel about people of different genders but might not affect children’s tendency to spontaneously notice gender.

A Phonetic Study of Korean Heritage Learners’ Production of Korean Word-initial Stops

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-295
Author(s):  
Seung-Eun Chang ◽  
Karina Mandock
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Voice Onset Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Heritage Learners ◽  
Phonological Contrast ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Phonetic Study

The current study investigates heritage language (HL) learners’ production of the Korean three-way stop contrast. Korean consonants include a typologically rare distinction among three types of voiceless stops typically described as plain /p, t, k/, aspirated /ph, th, kh/, and tense /p*, t*, k*/. This study examines how this phonological contrast is implemented by HL learners enrolled in a beginning level Korean class at a university. Language-specific (i.e., English and Korean) gender effects in VOT are also explored in HL learners. The results show that voice onset time (VOT) mainly serves to differentiate tense stops from plain and aspirated stops, while f0 plays a significant role in differentiating plain from aspirated and tense stops in HL learners. This finding is consistent with accounts of sound change under way in current Korean stops. The inter- and intraspeaker variations or categorical confusion with Korean plain stops commonly shown in second language (L2) learners is not found in HL learners of this study. Hence, the results of the present study support the view that HL learners preserve the phonological and phonetic benefits in their HL. In terms of gender-based differences, VOT is found to be shorter for males in plain and aspirated stops, while it is longer for males in tense stops. Finally, this study also suggests that controlling the heterogeneity of subjects mitigates the methodological challenges of HL research.

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