scholarly journals Comparison of Mangrove Stand Development on Accretion and Erosion Sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Linh Thuy My Nguyen ◽  
Hanh Thi Hoang ◽  
Han Van Ta ◽  
Pil Sun Park
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Accretion And Erosion

Mangroves are adapted to coastal processes; however, mangrove species showed various responses to estuarian environments, leading to different structural characteristics at accretion and erosion areas. The species composition, structure and regeneration of mangrove forests were investigated to provide insight into mangrove forest development in response to shoreline accretion and erosion processes. The species composition and stand structure of mangrove forests were measured along the distance from the shoreline at accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam. The hierarchical clustering of grouped stands based on species composition and tree size distribution was conducted. Grouped mangrove stands showed landward changes in species composition and stand structure from the shoreline (p < 0.05), reflecting the timescale of accretion or erosion at both accretion and erosion sites. Stand development patterns differed between accretion and erosion sites, and Avicennia alba and Rhizophora apiculata dominated seaward plots at accretion and erosion sites, respectively. Newer accredited sites were dominated by A. alba. Mangrove stands developed from dense A. alba dominant to R. apiculata dominant stands with increasing tree size at accretion sites. There were more species-colonized sites with a higher erosion rate or that were more recently eroded, implying that timescale of erosion and erosion rate affected species composition and regeneration on erosion sites. Accretion and erosion affected stand development of mangroves differently, implying that conservation and restoration strategies should be applied differently to accretion and erosion sites.

Regeneration and stand development following a spruce budworm outbreak, spruce budworm inspired harvest, and salvage harvest

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1759-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Eiry Spence ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Precommercial Thinning

Spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) (SBW) outbreaks are a major disturbance that influence stand dynamics and succession in balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) dominated forests of eastern Canada. We used stand and regeneration data collected from five plots in each of one immature and five mature stands before, during, and 30 years following the last major SBW outbreak in the Cape Breton Highlands to examine the role of stand and regeneration characteristics in shaping future stand development. Comparisons were also made between regeneration in four SBW outbreak stands versus two SBW salvage stands, with and without a subsequent precommercial thinning, and with 25 plots that underwent SBW emulation harvest. In mature unharvested balsam fir stands, species composition 30 years following the SBW outbreak was closely related to predisturbance species composition, and in immature fir stands, hardwood composition increased from 0% to 4%–27%. Species composition in harvested stands varied depending on whether intolerant hardwoods had been precommercially thinned, where thinned stands had 30% less hardwood 30 years postdisturbance than unthinned stands. Seedling density decreased by 17%–85% from 1979 to 1989 in all SBW outbreak stands, but average seedling height increased by 17%–500% as live canopy cover decreased from an average of 50% to 4%. Results suggest that advanced regeneration should be protected during harvest of balsam fir dominated stands, post-outbreak precommercial thinning will increase tree growth, and live tree retention can help develop late-seral structural characteristics in second-growth stands.

scholarly journals Structural characteristics of wet montane forests in east-central British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C DeLong ◽  
J M Arocena ◽  
H B Massicotte
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Salvage Logging

Structural characteristics of forest stands were examined along a post-fire age chronosequence for wet montane sub-boreal and sub-alpine forests in the northern portion of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. The objective was to develop criteria that could be used to assess the extent to which managed stands approximate the structural characteristics of natural stands. Twelve and fifteen stands were sampled in wet montane sub-boreal and high-elevation subalpine forests, respectively. Tree density, variation in tree size, snag density by size class and coarse woody debris volume were examined for young (0–70 years), mature (71–140 years), and old (> 140 years) stands. Apart from a general increase in average tree size and a decrease in snag density, changes in other stand attributes over time since disturbance were limited, especially when compared to forests in drier climates at similar latitudes. The combination of low density and large variability in tree size of the young wet montane sub-boreal stands appear to be unusual for low elevation forests that originate from stand-replacing wildfire. In the study area, current management practices of salvage-logging fire-killed stands and planting relatively high densities of spruce on harvested sites should be examined in light of our data. This study illustrates the importance of developing area-specific ecosystem management guidelines relating to stand structure. Key words: stand structure, woody debris, snags, Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, wildlife habitat

scholarly journals FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGROVE FOREST OF RAJA AMPAT, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA

REINWARDTIA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Suhardjono Prawiroatmodjo ◽  
Kuswata Kartawinata
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
West Papua

We studied  the floristic compostion and structure of mangrove forests and mangrove species distribution at the Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua  We sampled the forests using (10x10 m) quadrats to record trees and saplings  laid out contiguously along 9 transects of 60 – 450 m long,  stretching perpendicularly from the coastlines or riverbanks to the landward borders. Seedlings were sampled using a 1x1 m subplot nested in each quadrat.  The transects were established on the islands of  Batanta (6), Salawati  (2). and Waigeo (1).  Within quadrats and transects we recorded 17 mangrove species of trees with density of 768 stems/ha and basal area of  37.82 m2/ha and tree height of  10 – 30 m.   Two species possessed  the highest importance value  (IV) , frequency, density and basal area  i.e. Rhizophora apiculata (IV=168.06 %) and  Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (IV=67.18).  They also showed the highest similarity in their distribution,  indicating highest degree of association.  The mangrove at Raja Ampat may, therefore,  be designated as the Rhizophora apiculata-Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Association. Other species with highest degree of distributional similarities but with low densities, basal areas and importance values were Barringtonia racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Inocarpus fagifera,  Lumnitzera littorea and Sterculia shillinglawii,  of which four of them are not  true mangrove species, usually growing on less saline and more solid soils. The floristic composition of the transects in the three islands showed relatively high similarities of about 70 % and at higher similarities the transects in Batanta Island formed four groups, Salawati Island two groups and Waigeo Island one group.The Bray-Curtis polar ordination  resulted in four groups  of transects, which were related to the habitat  conditions and the length of the transects. Species diversity in the islands was very low, where the  Shannon diversity index  ranged  from  0.19 to 0.64 giving  the average  of 0.42. Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza  were gregenerating well and in the future they will remain dominant.  The mangrove forests of the Raja Ampat Islands by any means should be maintained as green belts and  protected from all kinds of destruction and should be made into conservation areas in order to sustain its ability to provide ecological services  and non-destructive economic benefits.

scholarly journals Species diversity and composition of mangroves in Tacloban City, Philippines

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Teofanes Patindol ◽  
Eulito Casas
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Mangrove Species

This study reflects the present status of Tacloban City mangrove vegetation and would be useful for mangrove restoration program. Surveys of mangrove forests in Tacloban City were conducted from October to November 2017 in 12 selected sites. Quadrat method was used to assess the species composition and stand structure of the canopy layer, representing seaward, middle and landward zones. The mangrove forests in Tacloban City contain 23 mangrove species belonging to 12 families and 15 genera. Rhizophoraceae and Acanthaceae are the most dominating families. As per IUCN report, among the 23 species, 4 were recognized as threatened. These include the Endangered Camptostemon philippinensis, the Vulnerable Avicennia rumpiana and the Near Threatened Aegiceras floridum and Ceriops decandra. Rhizophora Apiculata is the most abundant species, followed by Sonneratia alba. Other abundant species are Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. The least abundant are Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Camptostemon philippinensis and Xylocarpus granatum. The canopy layer is composed of small-sized trees with an average tree density of 1,678 per ha and stem density of 3,133 per ha. The average height and diameter are 6.15m and 8.95cm, respectively. Mangrove diversity is generally low. Shannon index of diversity value ranges from 0.762 to 1.132, with an average value of 0.914. Understory is characterized by few species of regenerants, low density and low species diversity.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration in Mixed Deciduous Forests: The Influence of Tree Size and Species Composition Derived from Model Experiments

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Anne Holtmann ◽  
Andreas Huth ◽  
Felix Pohl ◽  
Corinna Rebmann ◽  
Rico Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Stand Structure ◽  
Large Trees

Forests play an important role in climate regulation due to carbon sequestration. However, a deeper understanding of forest carbon flux dynamics is often missing due to a lack of information about forest structure and species composition, especially for non-even-aged and species-mixed forests. In this study, we integrated field inventory data of a species-mixed deciduous forest in Germany into an individual-based forest model to investigate daily carbon fluxes and to examine the role of tree size and species composition for stand productivity. This approach enables to reproduce daily carbon fluxes derived from eddy covariance measurements (R2 of 0.82 for gross primary productivity and 0.77 for ecosystem respiration). While medium-sized trees (stem diameter 30–60 cm) account for the largest share (66%) of total productivity at the study site, small (0–30 cm) and large trees (>60 cm) contribute less with 8.3% and 25.5% respectively. Simulation experiments indicate that vertical stand structure and shading influence forest productivity more than species composition. Hence, it is important to incorporate small-scale information about forest stand structure into modelling studies to decrease uncertainties of carbon dynamic predictions.

scholarly journals Carbon Stocks in the Small Estuarine Mangroves of Geza and Mtimbwani, Tanga, Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond Alavaisha ◽  
Mwita M. Mangora
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Forest Stand Structure

Mangrove forests offer important ecosystem services, including their high capacity for carbon sequestration and stocking. However, they face rapid degradation and loss of ecological resilience particularly at local scales due to human pressure. We conducted inventory of mangrove forests to characterise forest stand structure and estimate carbon stocks in the small estuarine mangroves of Geza and Mtimbwani in Tanga, Tanzania. Forest structure, above-ground carbon (AGC), and below-ground carbon (BGC) were characterised. Soil carbon was estimated to 1 m depth using loss on ignition procedure. Six common mangrove species were identified dominated byAvicennia marina(Forsk.) Vierh. andRhizophora mucronataLamarck. Forest stand density and basal area were 1740 stems ha−1and 17.2 m2 ha−1for Geza and 2334 stems ha−1and 30.3 m2 ha−1for Mtimbwani. Total ecosystem carbon stocks were 414.6 Mg C ha−1for Geza and 684.9 Mg C ha−1for Mtimbwani. Soil carbon contributed over 65% of these stocks, decreasing with depth. Mid zones of the mangrove stands had highest carbon stocks. These data demonstrate that studied mangroves are potential for carbon projects and provide the baseline for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) to support the projects.

Langfristige Entwicklung von zwei Waldgesellschaften im Białowieża-Urwald

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Brzeziecki ◽  
Feliks Eugeniusz Bernadzki
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Long Term Study

The results of a long-term study on the natural forest dynamics of two forest communities on one sample plot within the Białowieża National Park in Poland are presented. The two investigated forest communities consist of the Pino-Quercetum and the Tilio-Carpinetum type with the major tree species Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus. The results reveal strong temporal dynamics of both forest communities since 1936 in terms of tree species composition and of general stand structure. The four major tree species Scots pine, birch, English oak and Norway spruce, which were dominant until 1936, have gradually been replaced by lime and hornbeam. At the same time, the analysis of structural parameters indicates a strong trend towards a homogenization of the vertical stand structure. Possible causes for these dynamics may be changes in sylviculture, climate change and atmospheric deposition. Based on the altered tree species composition it can be concluded that a simple ≪copying≫ (mimicking) of the processes taking place in natural forests may not guarantee the conservation of the multifunctional character of the respective forests.

scholarly journals Configuration of Allocated Mangrove Areas and Protection of Mangrove-Dominated Muddy Coasts: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6258
Author(s):  
Nguyen Tan Phong ◽  
Thai Thanh Luom
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Seaward Side ◽  
Local Livelihoods ◽  
Full Consideration ◽  
Technical Recommendations

Mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have been allocated for developing livelihood models, particularly in developing countries. Uncontrolled allocation causes the mangrove forests to be vulnerable and even severely eroded. Restoration of vulnerable and eroded coastal areas has been merely conservation-driven, leaving livelihood-oriented mangrove forests unprotected. As a consequence, mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have not been well-protected. How livelihood-oriented mangrove forests are configured towards protecting coasts and protecting local livelihoods remains a challenge. This study employed a critical review for addressing this matter. The results reveal that there is limited practical knowledge of configuring livelihood-oriented models for protecting the coasts. The configuration process reported in this study is merely based on technical recommendations in South East Asia to date. The recommended configuration commences with the first stage of voluntarily designating a certain percentage of allocated forests on the seaward side to protect coasts, relocating livelihood models in the gaps among current stands of mangrove forests landward. Abandoned ponds are ecologically restored using sediment trapping structures for providing suitable substrate for promoting regrowth of local mangrove species as the second stage, followed by designation of an appropriate percentage as mangrove belts on the seaward side. The two-step configuration is highly likely to be replicable and applicable nationally and regionally due to full consideration of different political, sociocultural, and environmental characteristics in Vietnam and Indonesia.

scholarly journals Forest Structure and Projections of Avicennia germinans (L.) L. at Three Levels of Perturbation in a Southwestern Gulf of Mexico Mangrove

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 989
Author(s):  
Basáñez-Muñoz Agustín de Jesús ◽  
Jordán-Garza Adán Guillermo ◽  
Serrano Arturo
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Avicennia Germinans ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Mangrove Dynamics ◽  
Projection Matrices ◽  
Partial Tree

Mangrove forests have declined worldwide and understanding the key drivers of regeneration at different perturbation levels can help manage and preserve these critical ecosystems. For example, the Ramsar site # 1602, located at the Tampamachoco lagoon, Veracruz, México, consists of a dense forest of medium-sized trees composed of three mangrove species. Due to several human activities, including the construction of a power plant around the 1990s, an area of approximately 2.3 km2 has suffered differential levels of perturbation: complete mortality, partial tree loss (divided into two sections: main and isolated patch), and apparently undisturbed sites. The number and size of trees, from seedlings to adults, were measured using transects and quadrats. With a matrix of the abundance of trees by size categories and species, an ordination (nMDS) showed three distinct groups corresponding to the degree of perturbation. Projection matrices based on the size structure of Avicennia germinans showed transition probabilities that varied according to perturbation levels. Lambda showed growing populations except on the zone that showed partial tree loss; a relatively high abundance of seedlings is not enough to ensure stable mangrove dynamics or start regeneration; and the survival of young trees and adult trees showed high sensitivity.

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