scholarly journals Effect of Invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. on Natural Regeneration and Structure of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Forests in the Black Sea Region

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Stanislav Vacek ◽  
Derya Eşen ◽  
Oktay Yildiz ◽  
Jan Král ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Fagus Orientalis ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Rhododendron Ponticum ◽  
Tree Layer ◽  
Fagus Orientalis Lipsky

Biological invasions threaten global biodiversity and forest ecosystems; therefore, it is necessary to use appropriate strategies for combating the spread of invasive species. Natural regeneration of eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is considerably limited by an aggressive invasive shrub, pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.), in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Therefore, the future character of the region’s forests is uncertain. The aim of this research was to evaluate the structure of beech forests with different management regimes of rhododedron and to determine the interaction among tree layer, rhododendron cover, and natural regeneration in Düzce Province using the FieldMap technology. The following variants of forests were compared: without intervention (control) and three and six years after rhododendron clearance. The results showed that tree density ranged between 175–381 trees ha−1 and stand volume between 331–589 m3 ha−1. The horizontal structure of the tree layer was mostly random, and the spatial pattern of natural regeneration was aggregated. Recruit density and height in the beech stands were significantly differentiated due to the influence of presence or absence of invasive rhododendron. Rhododendron cover ranged between 81%–97%, and woody stems amounted to 72,178–86,884 ha−1 in unmanaged forests. Canopy in the overstory did not have a significant effect on the density of regeneration and rhododendron cover. Tree layer had a significant negative influence on natural regeneration within a 4 m radius on the plots without rhododendron. However, on the plots with dense rhododendron cover, tree layer had a positive influence on regeneration within a 1.5 m radius. Natural regeneration density was significantly higher when rhododendron was cleared than the plots without intervention. On the plots without woody clearance, there was an insufficient regeneration (113–619 recruits ha−1); however, they had higher mean height compared to the sites without rhododendron. After three and six years of rhododendron clearance, the numbers of recruits in natural regeneration were 63,981 ha−1 and 105,075 ha−1, respectively. In conclusion, invasive spread of rhododendron was a limiting factor of the prosperous regeneration and tree species diversity, and manual clearance of rhododendron is recommended in managed beech forests of the study region.

Classification and phytogeographical differentiation of oriental beech forests in Turkey and Bulgaria

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kavgaci ◽  
Münevver Arslan ◽  
Ümit Bingöl ◽  
Neslihan Erdoğan ◽  
Andraž Čarni
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Fagus Orientalis ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Oriental Beech ◽  
Fagus Orientalis Lipsky ◽  
Supplementary Variables ◽  
Topographical Factors

AbstractFloristic differentiation of the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in Turkey and Bulgaria was investigated and the role of geographical and topographical factors in this differentiation was assessed. After geographical and ecological stratification of the available 922 relevés, 288 remained. Classification, by applying cluster analysis, resulted in seven vegetation units defined by species composition which represent the geographical and ecological variation of Fagus orientalis forests. DCA ordination was applied to these units by passively projecting their chorological structure, as supplementary variables. For more detailed interpretation of vegetation types with similar geographic distribution patterns, PCA was applied by passively projecting the chorological elements, life-forms and topographical factors as supplementary variables. Seven vegetation units representing the geographical and ecological variety of Fagus orientalis forests were described. Four vegetation units represent the core area of Fagus orientalis distribution on the western and middle coast of the Black Sea region (Euxine region); the remaining three types represent the distribution in the eastern Black Sea region (Colchic region), the distribution in western and southern Anatolia under the influence of the Mediterranean climate and the distribution in the transitional zone from the Euxine region to the continental parts of Inner Anatolia, respectively. The four vegetation types in Euxine region reflect the decreasing effect of Black Sea towards Inner Anatolia, as well as altitudinal differences, except the forest type representing forests on calcareous sites. The other three vegetation units represent ravine, lowland to montane and altimontane forests in Euxine region. Fagus orientalis forests could be distinguished by their floristic composition, their chorological elements and life-forms spectra, which reflect a geographical and ecological gradients.

scholarly journals Atlas of the inhabitants of the pseudo-littoral of the Sea of Azov – Black Sea coast of Crimea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Kopiy ◽  
◽  
L. V. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Sea Of Azov ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sea Coast

The pseudo-litoral zone of the Crimean coast of the Black Sea region was explored. The study areas were located in the latitudinal direction from the extreme western point – the coast of Yarylgach Bay (the village of Mezhvodnoe) – to the extreme eastern point – Cape Takil. A study of the macrozoobenthos of the pseudo-litoral zone of the Sea of Azov was carried out in Rifov Bay and in three bays of the Kazantip Natural Reserve. The studied areas differed not only in hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics, but also in the degree of anthropogenic load. According to our data, in the pseudo-litoral zone of the Sea of Azov – Black Sea coast of Crimea, macrozoobenthos was represented by the following taxonomic groups: Polychaeta (33 species), Crustacea (36), and Mollusca (18). Representatives of Ascidiacea, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Oligochaeta, Pycnogonida, and Chironomidae were also registered, and their species determination was not carried out for a number of reasons; nevertheless, their presence was noted at the studied stations. Data on the distribution, ecology, and biology of species found in the study region are presented.The book will be interesting for hydrobiologists, zoologists, ecologists, students of biological faculties, and a wide range of readers.

Obsidian Exchange Networks in Prehistoric Anatolia: New Data from the Black Sea Region

Paléorient ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Bleda S. Düring ◽  
Bernard Gratuze
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Black Sea Region

The referendum as an institution in the Black Sea Region: Does it signal the rise or collapse of democracy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Podolak
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Important State ◽  
Constitutional Changes

Views on the institution of direct democracy have changed during the period of democratic transition. The various advantages and positive effects of direct democracy have been confirmed by the practice of some democratic countries. Its educational and political activation value for society was also noted, without which civil society cannot form. The referendum is especially treated as the purest form of correlation between the views of society and the decisions of its representatives. In a situation where two representative bodies are present – the parliament and the president – a referendum is considered a means of resolving disputes between them in important state affairs. The referendum is nowadays becoming more than just a binding or consultative opinion on a legislative act, especially a constitution. First and foremost, it is important to see the extension of the type and scope of issues that are subject to direct voting. Apart from the traditional, i.e., constitutional changes, polarising issues that raise considerable emotion have become the subject of referenda. Problems of this type include, in particular, moral issues, membership in international organisations, and so-called ‘New Policy’. This article presents the role and importance of the referendum as an institution shaping the democratic systems of the Black Sea Region.

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