scholarly journals Forest Disturbances in Polish Tatra Mountains for 1985–2016 in Relation to Topography, Stand Features, and Protection Zone

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Ochtyra
Keyword(s):  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Pastoral Management ◽  
Tatra National Park ◽  
Elevation Model

For more than four centuries, the Tatra Mountains were affected by many factors, such as forest and pastoral management, mining and metallurgy, windthrows, snow avalanches, and bark beetle outbreaks. Due to the availability of the long-running Landsat program enabling acquisition of spatially and spectrally consistent information, it is possible to the use these data for forest disturbance analysis. The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the frequency of disturbances detected over the period of 1985–2016 and selected topographic features, such as elevation, exposure, and slope, derived from a digital elevation model (DEM); stand features, such as vegetation community type, age, structure, and degree of naturalness of the stand; and the management protection zone, which was extracted from thematic layers of the Tatra National Park (TNP). Using the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), we detected forest disturbances in each year and analyzed them in the context of these topographic features, forest stand characteristics, and the management protection zone. We observed that forest stands in the lower montane zone, slopes between 10°–30°, and eastern exposures were primarily affected by disturbances. These consisted of artificially planted spruce stands aged between 51 and 100 years old.

scholarly journals Investigating Forest Disturbance Using Landsat Data in the Nagagamisis Central Plateau, Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wayne Forsythe ◽  
Grant McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Provincial Park

The Nagagamisis Central Plateau (located in Northern Ontario, Canada) is an area of distinct natural and cultural significance. The importance of this land was officially recognized in 1957 through the establishment of the Nagagamisis Provincial Park Reserve. The park has experienced significant expansion since its inception and is currently under development as one of Ontario Parks ‘Signature Sites’. Since the 1980s, timber harvest activity has led to widespread forest disturbance just outside of the park boundaries. This research is focused on the detection of stand level forest disturbances associated with timber harvest occurring near Nagagamisis Provincial Park. The image time-series data selected for this project were Landsat TM and ETM+; spanning a twenty-five year period from 1984 to 2009. The Tasselled Cap Transformation and Normalized Difference Moisture Index were derived for use in unsupervised image classification to determine the land cover for each image in the time-series. Image band differencing and raster arithmetic were performed to create maps illustrating the size and spatial distribution of stand level forest disturbances between image dates. A total area of 1649 km2 or 26.1% of the study area experienced stand level disturbance during the analysis period.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Ips typographus (L.) after wind damage in the Kościeliska Valley of the Tatra National Park

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Grodzki ◽  
Wojciech Gąsienica Fronek
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
National Park ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Active Protection ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Infestation Density ◽  
Tatra National Park

Abstract At the end of 2013, Norway spruce stands in the area of the Tatra National Park were severely damaged by strong storms especially in the Kościeliska Valley region. In the following spring of 2014, a survey recording the occurrence of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) was initiated in order to describe the dynamics of beetle reproduction in relation to protection measures executed in wind-damaged stands. Ten research plots with 20 trees each were established in a socalled active protection zone, where the broken and fallen trees had been processed and removed in 2014, and in a passive protection zone, where no actions were taken, and the dynamics of Norway spruce mortality due to bark beetle infestation including quantitative parameters (infestation density, sex ratio of beetle populations) were examined. The entomological analyses were performed on 25 × 25 cm large bark samples taken from four (active zone) or two (passive zone) tree sections. In the first year of the survey, no infested standing trees were recorded on the plots and the colonisation of fallen and broken trees was very weak. In the second year (2015), infestations appeared in larger numbers on the plots with passive compared to active protection but the infestation density was 0.89 mating chambers per 1 dm2 regardless of the protection status. In the third year (2016), most of the remaining living spruces had been infested with a mean density of 0.82 m.ch. per 1 dm2. In 2015, the proportion of females in the beetle population was 65.8% being higher in the active (68.4%) than the passive (64.0%) protection zone, while in 2016 the proportion was 63.5% and in this case slightly higher in the passive protection zone (63.9% as compared to 63.2%). These results are in accordance with patterns observed in wind-damaged Norway spruce stands of other areas in Poland and Europe and demonstrate the usefulness of forest management procedures in mitigating I. typographus outbreaks.

scholarly journals Investigating Forest Disturbance Using Landsat Data in the Nagagamisis Central Plateau, Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wayne Forsythe ◽  
Grant McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Provincial Park

The Nagagamisis Central Plateau (located in Northern Ontario, Canada) is an area of distinct natural and cultural significance. The importance of this land was officially recognized in 1957 through the establishment of the Nagagamisis Provincial Park Reserve. The park has experienced significant expansion since its inception and is currently under development as one of Ontario Parks ‘Signature Sites’. Since the 1980s, timber harvest activity has led to widespread forest disturbance just outside of the park boundaries. This research is focused on the detection of stand level forest disturbances associated with timber harvest occurring near Nagagamisis Provincial Park. The image time-series data selected for this project were Landsat TM and ETM+; spanning a twenty-five year period from 1984 to 2009. The Tasselled Cap Transformation and Normalized Difference Moisture Index were derived for use in unsupervised image classification to determine the land cover for each image in the time-series. Image band differencing and raster arithmetic were performed to create maps illustrating the size and spatial distribution of stand level forest disturbances between image dates. A total area of 1649 km2 or 26.1% of the study area experienced stand level disturbance during the analysis period.

scholarly journals Gangguan Hutan di KPH Kuningan Divisi Regional Jawa Barat dan Banten

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Ati Dwi Nurhayati ◽  
Liana Arhami
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Legal Remedies ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
And Control

Forest protection is an effort to prevent and control the destruction of forests, forest areas, and forest products caused by human actions, livestock, fires, pests and diseases. The aims of this research are to identify the types of forest disturbance especially those caused by humans and physically, analyze the factors causing forest disturbance, and analyze efforts to control forest disturbance at KPH Kuningan. Forest disturbances that occurred in the KPH Kuningan during 2010-2014 included: timber theft, forest fires, forest encroachment, and natural disasters. The background of forest disturbance in the Kuningan KPH is mainly due to the socio-economic conditions of the community around the forest that are still low. Strategic actions taken to prevent forest disturbance at the KPH Kuningan are to take pre-emptive actions in the form of counseling and establish good relations between officers and the community through social communication and Community Based Forest Management (PHBM), preventive actions in the form of patrols and safeguards against forest potential, and repressive actions in the form of legal remedies against the perpetrators. Key words: cause of forest disturbance, type of forest disturbance, forest disturbance control

scholarly journals Identification of the factors determining the concentration and spatial distribution of Zn, Pb and Cd in the soils of the non-forest Tatra Mountains (southern Poland)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Ciarkowska ◽  
Anna Miechówka
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
West Carpathians ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Cd Distribution ◽  
Tatra National Park

AbstractWe investigated trace-metal (TM)––Zn, Pb and Cd––concentrations and spatial distributions in the uppermost layers of non-forest soils from Tatra National Park (West Carpathians). We aimed to determine the main factors affecting the distribution of TMs, as well as the risk they posed to the environment. TM concentrations were compared to the target and intervention values established by the Dutch Ministry. Principle component analysis was used to identify the potential factors affecting TM accumulation, with two-factor analysis being applied to further examine the importance of any given factor. To examine the regularity of the TM distribution, semivariograms were created. The semivariograms of Cd and Pb were similar, suggesting a moderate spatial dependence for these metal concentrations, while the Zn variogram indicated a lack of spatial continuity for this metal. We established that the Zn, Pb and Cd exceeded target levels and at some sites, Cd exceeded the intervention values, posing a strong ecological risk to the environment. Our study confirmed that the parent rock was the most important factor affecting the TM accumulation. The carbonate-free soils differed from carbonate soils in the second important factor affecting TM accumulation, for carbonate-free soils it was location when for carbonate soils–TM content in the parent material. The Zn, Pb and Cd distribution patterns indicated that Cd, but also to a lesser degree Pb and Zn, accumulation mainly resulted from long-range transport from industrialised areas, while the Zn concentrations were also affected by local sources, such as the historical mining of Zn ore.

scholarly journals The structure of forest stands in the Tatra National Park: The results of 2016–2017 inventory

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bodziarczyk ◽  
Jerzy Szwagrzyk ◽  
Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica ◽  
Antoni Zięba ◽  
Janusz Szewczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
National Park ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Elevation Zone ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
Tatra National Park

Abstract The composition and structure of forest stands in the Tatra National Park were examined using data gathered in 2016 and 2017 from 617 circular sample plots (0.05 ha each). The diameter at breast height of all living trees, standing dead trees, snags, and wind throws was measured along with diameters and lengths of fallen logs within the plot boundaries. Tree height was measured for all living trees within the core (0.01 ha) of the sample plots. Using the obtained data, height-diameter curves were calculated for all major tree species and in the case of spruce, the height-diameter relationships were also calculated separately for each of the three elevation zones (up to 1200 m, between 1200 and 1400 m, above 1400 m). For each elevation zone and park protection zone, we also determined the volumes of live and dead trees. The volume of living trees in the Tatra National Park amounted to 259 m3/ha, which was higher than the volume of dead trees (176 m3/ha). Snags constituted the largest part of the dead wood whilst over 97% of the standing dead trees were spruce Picea abies. Among living trees, the share of spruce ranged from 81% in the low elevation zone to 98% in the middle zone. Other significant species in the lower zone were Abies alba (11%) and Fagus sylvatica (4.5%), while in the middle and upper elevation zones only Sorbus aucuparia occurred in significant numbers. Furthermore, in the lower elevation zone, Fagus sylvatica was the only species displaying significantly higher volumes in the ‘strict protection’ zone compared to the other park areas. In the ‘landscape protection’ zone, Picea abies was the most dominant species and the share of other species in the lowest elevation zones calculated based on tree density was smaller than calculated based on tree volume, indicating problems with stand conversion from spruce monoculture to mixed forest.

scholarly journals Geodiversity map of the Tatra National Park for geotourism

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Zwoliński ◽  
Jakub Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Thematic Layers ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Tatra National Park ◽  
The Tatra Mountains

Geodiversity map of the Tatra National Park for geotourism The paper indicates the relations between geodiversity and geotourism in the Tatra National Park. Geodiversity of the Tatra Mountains is visualized by its geodiversity map, whereas geotouristic attractions are measured by touristic attractions along touristic trails on geodiversity map. Areas of the highest geodiversity cover merely 8.2% of the Tatar National Park area. These are mainly areas close to the Tatra Mountains' main ridge. It is so due to geology, landform energy, slopes, landform fragmentation and geoecological belts. Most of the analyzed thematic layers categorizes ridges as more geodiversed than valley areas. The trails situated in the valley bottoms usually cross by areas of low geodiversity, however, from geotouristic point of view, it should be noted that slopes and ridges circumvolving the valley can be marked by high geodiversity. The mountain slopes and ridges are within tourist's sight, what increases trail's geotouristic attractiveness. Amongst many geotouristically interesting parts of the Tatra Mountains Dolina Pięciu Stawów valley appears to be the most appealing with its high quantity and high variety of post-glacial forms on valley's bottom as well as on its slopes.

Phenology Modelling and Forest Disturbance Mapping with Sentinel-2 time series in Austria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Löw ◽  
Koukal Tatjana
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Disturbance Dynamics ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract Background Worldwide, forests provide natural resources and ecosystem services. However, forest ecosystems are threatened by increasing forest disturbance dynamics, caused by direct human activities or an altering natural environment. It is decisive to trace the intra- to trans-annual dynamics of these forest ecosystems. National to local forest communities request detailed area-wide maps that delineate forest disturbance dynamics at various spatial scales. Methods We developed a remote sensing based time series analysis (TSA) framework that comprises data access, data management, image pre-processing, and an advanced but flexible TSA. The data basis is a dense time series of multispectral Sentinel-2 images with a spatial resolution of 10 metres. We use a dynamic Savitzky-Golay-filtering approach to reconstruct robust but sensitive phenology courses. Deviations from the latter are further used to derive spatiotemporal information on forest disturbances. In a first case study, we apply the TSA to map forest disturbances directly or indirectly linked to recurring bark beetle infestation in Northern Austria. Finally, we use zonal statistics on different spatial scales to provide aggregated information on the extent of forest disturbances between 2018 and 2019.Results and Conclusion The outcomes are a) individual phenology models and deduced phenology metrics for each 10 metres by 10 metres forest pixel in Austria and b) forest disturbance maps useful to investigate the occurrence, development and extent of bark beetle infestation. The phenology modelling results provide area-wide consistent data, also useful for downstream analyses (e.g. forest type classification). Results of the forest disturbance detection demonstrate that the TSA is capable to systematically delineate disturbed forest areas. Information derived from such a forest monitoring tool is highly relevant for various stakeholders in the forestry sector, either for forest management purposes or for decision-making processes on different levels.

scholarly journals Effect of DEM Interpolation Neighbourhood on Terrain Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Xuejun Liu ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Jianjun Cao ◽  
Xiaolei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Structure And Morphology ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Slope Error ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mls Method

Topographic factors such as slope and aspect are essential parameters in depicting the structure and morphology of a terrain surface. We study the effect of the number of points in the neighbourhood of a digital elevation model (DEM) interpolation method on mean slope, mean aspect, and RMSEs of slope and aspect from the interpolated DEM. As the moving least squares (MLS) method can maintain the inherent properties and other characteristics of a surface, this method is chosen for DEM interpolation. Three areas containing different types of topographic features are selected for study. Simulated data from a Gauss surface is also used for comparison. First, the impact of the number of points on the DEM root mean square error (RMSE) is analysed. The DEM RMSE in the three study areas decreases gradually with the number of points in the neighbourhood. In addition, the effect of the number of points in the neighbourhood on mean slope and mean aspect was studied across varying topographies through regression analysis. The two variables respond differently to changes in terrain. However, the RMSEs of the slope and aspect in all study areas are logarithmically related to the number of points in the neighbourhood and the values decrease uniformly as the number of points in the neighbourhood increases. With more points in the neighbourhood, the RMSEs of the slope and aspect are not sensitive to topography differences and the same trends are observed for the three studied quantities. Results for the Gauss surface are similar. Finally, this study analyses the spatial distribution of slope and aspect errors. The slope error is concentrated in ridges, valleys, steep-slope areas, and ditch edges while the aspect error is concentrated in ridges, valleys, and flat regions. With more points in the neighbourhood, the number of grid cells in which the slope error is greater than 15° is gradually reduced. With similar terrain types and data sources, if the calculation efficiency is not a concern, sufficient points in the spatial autocorrelation range should be analysed in the neighbourhood to maximize the accuracy of the slope and aspect. However, selecting between 10 and 12 points in the neighbourhood is economical.

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