scholarly journals The Possibility of Propolis Extract Application in Wood Protection

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Woźniak ◽  
Patrycja Kwaśniewska-Sip ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Grzegorz Cofta ◽  
Izabela Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Wood Impregnation

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in extending the service life of wood and wood products by applying natural substances that are harmless to humans and the environment. In this paper, propolis was used as an eco-friendly wood preservative. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance of Scots pine wood treated with the propolis extract against brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. The wood biodegradation was assessed by gravimetric method, as well as by the analysis of ergosterol concentration in decayed wood and by the determination of changes in the wood structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the impregnation of wood with propolis extract above 12% concentration limited fungal decay. The mass loss of wood treated with 18.9% propolis extract was 2.3% and was over 21 times lower than that for untreated wood. The analysis of ergosterol content and the changes in wood structure also confirmed that the propolis extract above 12% concentration protected wood against decay caused by C. puteana. Moreover, the propolis extract used in wood impregnation was rich in phenolic compounds, mainly chrysin, pinocembrin and galangin, which possess antimicrobial activity. The obtained results indicate that the extract of Polish propolis can be a promising natural wood preservative, safe for humans and the natural environment.

scholarly journals Chemical, Biological and Mechanical Characterization of Wood Treated with Propolis Extract and Silicon Compounds

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Magdalena Woźniak ◽  
Patrycja Kwaśniewska-Sip ◽  
Michał Krueger ◽  
Edward Roszyk ◽  
Izabela Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Green Wood ◽  
Silicon Compounds ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Before And After

The development of new bio-friendly alternatives for wood conservation is of great interest and necessary for environmental protection. In this paper, the preparations based on the propolis extract and silicon compounds were used as green wood preservatives. The wood was treated with 15% propolis extract (EEP) and two propolis-silane preparations, namely, EEP-VTMOS/TEOS (EEP with vinyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate) and EEP-MPTMOS/TEOS (EEP with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate and tetraethyl orthosilicate). The aim of the research was to determine the properties of treated wood, which was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the resistance against brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana and the mechanical properties of treated wood were also determined. The analysis of phenolic compounds concentration in treated wood indicated that phenols were in greater extent leached from wood treated with the propolis extract than from wood impregnated with the propolis-silane preparations. The presence of silicon in treated wood both before and after leaching was confirmed by CP MAS NMR measurements. In turn, AAS and XRF analyses indicated that the degree of Si leaching from wood impregnated with EEP-VTMOS/TEOS was approximately two times lower than from EEP-MPTMOS/TEOS treated wood. The results of chemical analyses confirmed that the constituents of the propolis-silane preparations formed permanent bonds with wood. In turn, the results of the antifungal efficacy against C. puteana showed that the propolis extract and the propolis-silane preparations limited the fungus activity, even the wood was subjected to leaching procedure. The treated wood showed an increase in bending strength and a decrease in the modulus of elasticity compared to untreated wood. The obtained results indicate that the propolis-silane preparations can be promising green wood preservatives, harmless for the natural environment.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Analysis of Three Putative Copper-Transporting ATPases in Copper-Tolerant Fibroporia radiculosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Ohno ◽  
Amy B. Bishell ◽  
Glen R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Gene Annotations ◽  
Decay Test ◽  
Copper Tolerant

Copper tolerance of brown-rot basidiomycete decay fungi can lessen the efficacy of copper-containing wood preservatives for wood products in-service. The purpose of this study was to evaluate wood mass loss and differential expression of three genes that have putative annotations for copper-transporting ATPase pumps (FIBRA_00974, FIBRA_04716, and FIBRA_01430). Untreated southern pine (SP) and SP treated with three concentrations of ammoniacal copper citrate (CC, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4%) were exposed to two copper-tolerant Fibroporia radiculosa isolates (FP-90848-T and L-9414-SP) and copper-sensitive Gloeophyllum trabeum isolate (MAD 617) in a 4-week-long standard decay test (AWPA E10-19). Decay of copper-treated wood was inhibited by G. trabeum (p = 0.001); however, there was no inhibition of decay with increasing copper concentrations by both F. radiculosa isolates. Initially, G. trabeum and one F. radiculosa isolate (L-9414-SP) highly upregulated FIBRA_00974 and FIBRA_04716 on copper-treated wood at week 1 (p = 0.005), but subsequent expression was either not detected or was similar to expression on untreated wood (p = 0.471). The other F. radiculosa isolate (FP-90848-T) downregulated FIBRA_00974 (p = 0.301) and FIBRA_04716 (p = 0.004) on copper-treated wood. FIBRA_01430 expression by G. trabeum was not detected, but was upregulated by both F. radiculosa FP-90848-T (p = 0.481) and L-9414-SP (p = 0.392). Results from this study suggest that all three test fungi utilized different mechanisms when decaying copper-treated wood. Additionally, results from this study do not provide support for the involvement of these putative gene annotations for copper-transporting ATPase pumps in the mechanism of copper-tolerance.

Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Emmerich ◽  
Maja Bleckmann ◽  
Sarah Strohbusch ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Susanne Bollmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Kaisa Anttila ◽  
Anna Maria Pirttilä ◽  
Hely Häggman ◽  
Anni Harju ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Abstract In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.

scholarly journals Effect of Concrete on the pH and Susceptibility of Treated Pine to Decay by Brown-Rot Fungi

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Nicholas ◽  
Amy Rowlen ◽  
David Milsted
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Copper Azole

Treated wood timbers employed in ground contact are often installed with a cement collar to firmly fix the structural wood post in place. Few prior studies have determined the effect of concrete on decay efficacy on treated wood, however. Treated wood nominal 4 × 4 posts were installed at four locations, with the upper ground-contact portion of each post encased in concrete, and the samples removed at various times for pH measurements. The wood alkalinity quickly increased at all four sites for the portion of the treated wood in concrete contact compared to the wood in ground contact without concrete. In laboratory decay tests employing three decay fungi, untreated wood which was first exposed or unexposed to concrete had no consistent difference in decay susceptibility. For wood treated with three different commercial copper/organic systems, cement exposure had no effect on wood treated with an amine copper azole system, while treatment with amine copper quat showed a statistically significant fungal efficacy enhancement for cement-exposed samples with both copper-tolerant fungi. Conversely, with a micronized copper azole preservative, cement exposure resulted in reduced fungal efficacy compared to treated samples which were not cement-exposed for all three decay fungi.

scholarly journals Natural Compounds for Wood Protection against Fungi—A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 3538
Author(s):  
Magdalena Broda
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
Natural Preservatives ◽  
New Generation

Wood is a renewable, versatile material with multiple applications and the largest terrestrial pool of sequestered carbon. However, it is susceptible to degradation, mainly caused by wood-decaying fungi. Since several traditional wood preservatives have been banned owing to their detrimental effects on humans and the environment, extending the lifespan of wood products using new generation natural preservatives is an imperative from the perspectives of human health and environmental protection. Several natural compounds of plant and animal origin have been tested for their fungicidal properties, including essential oils, tannins, wood extractives, alkaloids, propolis or chitosan; and their enormous potential in wood protection has been shown. Although they are not free of limitations, the potential methods to overcome their drawbacks and enhance their bioactivity already exist, such as co-impregnation with different polymers, cross-linkers, metal chelators or antioxidants. The presence of the discrepancies between laboratory tests and the field performance, as well as legislation-related problems resulting from the lack of standards defining the quality and performance of natural protective formulations, however, create an urgent need for further thorough research and arrangements. The collaboration with other industries interested in the utilisation of natural active compounds will reduce the associated costs, thus, will facilitate the successful implementation of alternative antifungal agents.

Markets, Products and Technology in the 21st Century – A Canadian Solid Wood Products Perspective

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert T. Schuler ◽  
Jamie K. Meil
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
The Future ◽  
Product Technology ◽  
Wood Products Industry ◽  
Conversion Technologies

This paper explores trends in the future development of the Canadian wood products industry in relation to technology, products and markets. Our analysis suggests that the wood products industry of the future may be characterized by: smaller economic units; vertical and horizontal integration to better utilize the resource and add value; market diversification; large multinational corporations; shift from commodities to engineered wood products; resource neutral conversion and product technology; shift from structural to semistructural applications and a move to more environmentally acceptable products and conversion technologies such as biocontrol for wood protection and preservation and energy-self sufficient mills. Key words: Markets, solid wood products industry, technology, competitive position.

Relation of transverse compression properties and the degree of brown rot biodeterioration of Pinus glabra in the soil block test

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Janzen ◽  
Darrel D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Compression Strength ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Transverse Compression ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Decay Test

Abstract Improved methods are needed for detecting and quantifying the effect of decay fungi on wood products. The focus of the present paper is a soil block decay test with exposure to the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, where the changes in elasticity and strength were compared in both the radial and tangential directions as a function of the decay degree. The stress-strain analysis was employed by a transverse compression (transC) testing technique in which a load was applied over the specimen’s tangential or radial surface. It was found that early effects of decay were detected in either direction of loading, but the overall reduction in elasticity and compression strength after 7 days of exposure to the fungus was approximately two times greater in the radial direction. This difference is interpreted that decay occurs mainly in the earlywood (EW). Significant strength loss at 5% compression was detected after 2 days of exposure to the fungus. However, 3 days of exposure was required before significant strength loss was evident as a result of the reduction in modulus of elasticity (MOE) or mass loss (ML). In comparison to ML, the compression strength loss was found to be a more sensitive measure of wood decay.

scholarly journals Wood Protection Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters Derived from Naphthalene 2,3-Diol, 2,2'-Biphenol and 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Carr ◽  
Peter J. Duggan ◽  
David G. Humphrey ◽  
James A. Platts ◽  
Edward M. Tyndall
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Hydrolytic Stability ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Naphthoic Acid ◽  
Optimum Balance

In continuation of a program aimed at developing a boron-based, high performing and environmentally benign wood preservative suitable for outdoor use, three lipophilic tetra-n-butylammonium spiroborates, tetra-n-butylammonium bis[naphthalene-2,3-diolato(2-)-O,O′]borate 4, tetra-n-butylammonium bis[2,2′-biphenolato(2-)-O,O′]borate 5 and tetra-n-butylammonium bis[3-hydroxy-2-naphthoato(2-)-O,O′]borate 6 were prepared and tested. The higher molecular weight and lipophilicity of these borates compared with related borates previously examined correlates, in the case of 5 and 6, with significantly enhanced leach resistance while termiticidal activity has been maintained. The racemic spiroborate derived from 2,2′-biphenol 5, in particular, appears to be close to an optimum balance between ease of synthesis, solubility, hydrolytic stability and termiticidal activity.

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