scholarly journals Causes of Decline in the Korean Fir Based on Spatial Distribution in the Mt. Halla Region in Korea: A Meta-Analysis

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Ung San Ahn ◽  
Young Seok Yun
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Korean Fir ◽  
Positive Correlations

Research Highlights: Technology advances have allowed for a new approach to research the decline of the Korean fir (Abies koreana E.H.Wilson). This study provides insights into the exact causes leading to this decline. Background and Objectives: Various factors could lead to the decline of fir trees around Mt. Halla, Korea, but these have not yet been verified. Here, the Korean fir across Mt. Halla were classified as dead or living and mapped using high-resolution orthorectified aerial images and three-dimensional (3D) stereoplotting. Materials and Methods: Aerial photographs were used to map spatial distribution and analyze the distribution patterns and mortality of the Korean fir. The electronic stereoplotting program (Geo3Di-PRO) enabled the creation of 3D images from aerial photographs. General, altitudinal, and topographical distribution was assessed. Results: Their accumulated percent mortality rate (APMR) showed positive correlations with altitude and tree density, a negative correlation with terrain slope, and no consistent correlation with solar radiation. The results indicate that increases in the density of Korean firs are related to decreased growth in areas at high altitude, on gentle slopes, and with high solar radiation. Consistent positive correlations between density and APMR indicate that fir mortality can be attributed to environmental deterioration and the establishment of unfavorable growth conditions. Areas with high APMR and density had gentle slopes, thus high soil moisture, or relatively high annual precipitation owing to high altitude. Conclusion: Fir mortality on Mt. Halla can be attributed to long-term persistently high rainfall and subsequent excess soil moisture.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet Transparency of Plastic Films Determines the Quality of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in a Greenhouse

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Deissy Giovanna Quintero-Arias ◽  
John Fabio Acuña-Caita ◽  
Carlos Asensio ◽  
Juan Luis Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Cycle Growth

The quality of red lettuce is based on the content of anthocyanin pigments, and the content of these pigments increases when the plant receives ultraviolet radiation. Lettuce crops are increasingly being grown in greenhouses to provide better quality fresh lettuce; however, both quality and productivity are affected by the type of cover used. The effects of UV-transparent and UV-blocking plastic films on the growth and quality of three lettuce cultivars (‘Casabella’ and ‘Vera’, which are both green leaf, and ‘Lollo Rosso’, which is red leaf) were investigated. The crop was cultivated at an altitude of 2576 m a.s.l. to naturally expose it to high ultraviolet radiation. The height and diameter of plants, fresh and dry weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf colour were determined throughout the crop cycle. Growth characteristics were not significantly influenced by the plastic film in all cultivars, probably due to the high altitude and the high solar radiation received. The UV-transparent film could increase the red colour in ‘Lollo Rosso’, and a higher commercial quality was achieved. No effect of the plastic film on the yield component was observed in the ‘Casabella’ and ‘Vera’ cultivars. The findings of this study provide guidance on what cultivar and plastic film must be used in high-altitude areas where the solar and UV radiation is high.

Aboveground Biomass of Reaumuria soongorica Shrub Effect on Soil Moisture and Nutrient Spatial Distribution in Arid and Semi-Arid Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3803-3806
Author(s):  
Bing Ru Liu ◽  
Jun Long Yang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Desert Plant ◽  
Important Species

In order to revel aboveground biomass of R. soongorica shrub effect on soil moisture and nutrients spatial distribution, and explore mechanism of the changes of soil moisture and nutrients, soil moisture content, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) at three soil layers (0-10cm,10-20cm, and 20-40cm) along five plant biomass gradients of R. soongorica were investigated. The results showed that soil moisture content increased with depth under the same plant biomass, and increased with plant biomass. Soil nutrient properties were evidently influenced with plant biomass, while decreased with depth. SOC and TN were highest in the top soil layer (0-10 cm), but TN of 10-20cm layer has no significant differences (P < 0.05). Moreover, soil nutrient contents were accumulated very slowly. These suggests that the requirement to soil organic matter is not so high and could be adapted well to the desert and barren soil, and the desert plant R. soongorica could be acted as an important species to restore vegetation and ameliorate the eco-environment.

Estimation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) soil moisture with the use of fractal roughness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Hyoung Lee ◽  
Notarnicola Claudia ◽  
Jeff Walker
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Fractal Surface ◽  
Fractal Method ◽  
Local Point ◽  
Aperture Radar

&lt;p&gt;To estimate surface soil moisture from Sentinel-1 backscattering, accurate estimation of soil roughness is a key. However, it is usually error source, due to complexity of surface heterogeneity. This study investigates the fractal methods that takes multi-scale roughness into account. Fractal models are widely recognized as one of the best approaches to depict soil roughness of natural system. Unlike the conventional approach of fractal method that uses local roughness measured in the field or Digital Elevation Model information seldom considering a stochastic characteristic of soil surface, fractal surface is generated with the roughness spatially inverted from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter. Assuming that the land surface in study site is on small to intermediate scales, pseudo-roughness is spatially estimated by modelling SAR roughness with the one-sided power-law spectrum. In addition, it is assumed that both multiple and single scales of roughness affect SAR backscatter in an integrative way. For validation, soil moisture is retrieved with this time-varying roughness. Based upon local validation and cost minimization, as compared with an inversion approach of surface scattering models (Integral Equation Model), a fractal method seems geometrically more sensible than an inversion, based upon a spatial distribution and a priori knowledge in the field. Although inverted roughness is used as an input, fractal model does not reproduce the same roughness. Results will show local point validation, fractal surface, and estimation of coefficients, and various spatial distribution data. This study will be useful for future satellite missions such as NASA-ISRO SAR mission.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The Potential of Solar Air Heating in the Turkish Industrial Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Balázs Bokor ◽  
Hacer Akhan ◽  
Dogan Eryener ◽  
László Kajtár
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Mathematical Correlation

Transpired solar collector (TSC) systems are simple solutions for the preheating of ventilation air with solar energy. Their performance is a function of several environmental factors, so the climatic conditions of the location play an important role. In this paper, the effect of different climatic zones on the thermal performance of the TSC is investigated. To exclude other sources of influence, the same reference industrial building is examined in four Turkish locations (Antalya, Istanbul, Ankara and Sivas) representing different climatic conditions. RETScreen simulation is carried out for all four regions to obtain the drop of conventional heating requirement in case absorber azimuth of 0°, 45° and 90°. To illustrate the performance, temperature rise, heating energy savings and annual solar fraction are presented. Generally, it can be stated that a location with cold climate and high solar radiation at the same time benefits most from the use of a TSC system. A mathematical correlation has been found showing the solar fraction's dependence on solar radiation and heating degree days. Finally, simulation results have been compared to a set of measurement data from an industrial building's TSC system near Istanbul.

scholarly journals Exposure to high solar radiation reduces self-regulated exercise intensity in the heat outdoors

2019 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Otani ◽  
Mitsuharu Kaya ◽  
Akira Tamaki ◽  
Heita Goto ◽  
Ronald J. Maughan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Solar Radiation

scholarly journals Evaluation of micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and histochemical tests for aluminium detection in plants from High Altitude Rocky Complexes, Southeast Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAIARA V. CAMPOS ◽  
TIAGO A.R. PEREIRA ◽  
MARIANA F. MACHADO ◽  
MARCELO B.B. GUERRA ◽  
GLÁUCIA S. TOLENTINO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Lycopodium Clavatum ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Potential Tool

The soils developed under High Altitude Rocky Complexes in Brazil are generally of very low chemical fertility, with low base saturation and high exchangeable aluminium concentration. This stressful condition imposes evolutionary pressures that lead to ecological success of plant species that are able to tolerate or accumulate high amounts of aluminium. Several analytical methods are currently available for elemental mapping of biological structures, such as micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-EDX) and histochemical tests. The aim of this study was to combine μ-EDX analysis and histochemical tests to quantify aluminium in plants from High Altitude Rocky Complexes, identifying the main sites for Al-accumulation. Among the studied species, five showed total Al concentration higher than 1000 mg kg−1. The main Al-hyperaccumulator plants, Lavoisiera pectinata, Lycopodium clavatum and Trembleya parviflora presented positive reactions in the histochemical tests using Chrome Azurol and Aluminon. Strong positive correlations were observed between the total Al concentrations and data obtained by μ-EDX analysis. The μ-EDX analysis is a potential tool to map and quantify Al in hyperaccumulator species, and a valuable technique due to its non-destructive capacity. Histochemical tests can be helpful to indicate the accumulation pattern of samples before they are submitted for further μ-EDX scrutiny.

scholarly journals Remotely sensed latent heat fluxes for improving model predictions of soil moisture: a case study

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 6179-6205
Author(s):  
J. M. Schuurmans ◽  
F. C. van Geer ◽  
M. F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Small Catchment

Abstract. This paper investigates whether the use of remotely sensed latent heat fluxes improves the accuracy of spatially-distributed soil moisture predictions by a hydrological model. By using real data we aim to show the potential and limitations in practice. We use (i) satellite data of both ASTER and MODIS for the same two days in the summer of 2006 that, in association with the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), provides us the spatial distribution of daily ETact and (ii) an operational physically based distributed (25 m×25 m) hydrological model of a small catchment (70 km2) in The Netherlands that simulates the water flow in both the unsaturated and saturated zone. Firstly, model outcomes of ETact are compared to the processed satellite data. Secondly, we perform data assimilation that updates the modelled soil moisture. We show that remotely sensed ETact is useful in hydrological modelling for two reasons. Firstly, in the procedure of model calibration: comparison of modeled and remotely sensed ETact together with the outcomes of our data assimilation procedure points out potential model errors (both conceptual and flux-related). Secondly, assimilation of remotely sensed ETact results in a realistic spatial adjustment of soil moisture, except for the area with forest and deep groundwater levels. As both ASTER and MODIS images were available for the same days, this study provides also an excellent opportunity to compare the worth of these two satellite sources. It is shown that, although ASTER provides much better insight in the spatial distribution of ETact due to its higher spatial resolution than MODIS, they appeared in this study just as useful.

The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2016: a detailed cartographic representation of Swiss glacier extent and supraglacial debris-cover

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Linsbauer ◽  
Matthias Huss ◽  
Elias Hodel ◽  
Andreas Bauder ◽  
Mauro Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Glacier Inventory ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Debris Cover

&lt;p&gt;With increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and corresponding global warming, glaciers in Switzerland are shrinking rapidly as in many mountain ranges on Earth. Repeated glacier inventories are a key task to monitor such glacier changes and provide detailed information on the extent of glaciation, and important parameters such as area, elevation range, slope, aspect etc. for a given point or a period in time. Here we present the new Swiss Glacier Inventory (SGI2016) that has been acquired based on high-resolution aerial imagery and digital elevation models in cooperation with the Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo) and Glacier Monitoring in Switzerland (GLAMOS), bringing together topological and glaciological knowhow. We define the process, workflow and required glaciological adaptations to compile a highly accurate glacier inventory based on the digital Swiss topographic landscape model (swissTLM&lt;sup&gt;3D&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The SGI2016 provides glacier outlines (areas), supraglacial debris cover, ice divides and location points of all glaciers in Switzerland referring to the years 2013-2018, whereas most of the glacier outlines have been mapped based on aerial images acquired between 2015-2017 (75% in number and 87% in area), with the centre year 2016. The SGI2016 maps 1400 individual glacier entities with a total glacier surface area of 961 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (whereof 11% / 104 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; are debris-covered) and constitutes the so far most detailed cartographic representation of glacier extent in Switzerland. Analysing the dependencies between topographic parameters and debris-cover fraction on the basis of individual glaciers reveals that short glaciers with a moderate mean slope and glaciers with a low median elevation tend to have high debris fractions. A change assessment between the SGI1973 and SGI2016 based on individual glacier entities affirms the largest relative area changes for small glaciers and for low-elevation glaciers, whereas the largest glaciers show small relative area changes, though large absolute changes. The analysis further indicates a tendency for glaciers with a high share of supraglacial debris to show larger relative area changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Despite of an observed strong glacier volume loss between 2010 and 2016, the total glacier surface area of the SGI2016 is somewhat larger than reported in the last Swiss glacier inventory SGI2010. Even though both inventories were created based on swisstopo aerial photographs, the additional data, tools, resources and methodologies used by the professional cartographers digitizing glacier outlines in 3D for the SGI2016, are able to explain the counter-intuitive difference between SGI2010 and SGI2016. A direct comparison of these two datasets is thus not meaningful, but an experiment where a representative glacier sample of the SGI2010 was re-assessed based on the approaches of the SGI2016 led to an upscaled total glacier surface area of 1010 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for the Swiss Alps around 2010. This indicates an area loss of 49 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; between the two last Swiss glacier inventories. As swisstopo data products are and will be regularly updated, the SGI2016 is the first step towards a consistent and accurate data product of repeated glacier inventories in six-year time intervals that promises a high comparability for individual glaciers and glacier samples.&lt;/p&gt;

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