scholarly journals Male and Female Plants of Salix viminalis Perform Similarly to Flooding in Morphology, Anatomy, and Physiology

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei-fei Zhai ◽  
Hai-dong Li ◽  
Shao-wei Zhang ◽  
Zhen-jian Li ◽  
Jun-xiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Production Ratio

Salix viminalis L., a dioecious species, is widely distributed in riparian zones, and flooding is one of the most common abiotic stresses that this species suffers. In this study, we investigated the morphological, anatomical, and physiological responses of male vs. female plants of S. viminalis to flooding. The results showed that the plant height and root collar diameter were stimulated by flooding treatment, which corresponded with higher dry weight of the stem and leaf. However, the dry weight of the underground part decreased, which might be due to the primary root having stopped growing. The little-influenced net photosynthesis rate (Pn) under flooding treatment could guarantee rapid growth of the aboveground part, while the unaffected leaf anatomical structure and photosynthetic pigment contents could ensure the normal operation of photosynthetic apparatus. Under a flooding environment, the production ratio of superoxide free radical (O2∙-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased, indicating that the cell membrane was damaged and oxidative stress was induced. At the same time, the antioxidant enzyme system, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and osmotic adjustment substances, involving proline (Pro) and solute protein (SP), began to play a positive role in resisting flooding stress. Different from our expectation, the male and female plants of S. viminalis performed similarly under flooding, and no significant differences were discovered. The results indicate that both male and female plants of S. viminalis are tolerant to flooding. Thus, both male and female plants of S. viminalis could be planted in frequent flooding zones.

scholarly journals 948 PLANTING DENSITY EFFECTS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SUN AND SHADE LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS NITENS AND EUCALYPTUS OVATA.

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 569e-569
Author(s):  
Ovata M. V. Mickelbart
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Eucalyptus Ovata ◽  
Shade Leaves

Euculyptus ovata and E. nitens were analyzed for differences in leaf area (LA), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf water content (LWC), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll (chl), carotenoid (car), and protein (pro) content. A factorial design with 2 species, 3 densities (2340, 6490, and 12990 trees/ha), and 2 leaf exposures (sun and shade) was used. Low light appeared to have a greater affect on changes in leaf composition than planting density. Shade leaves of both species had higher LA, SLA, chl/LDW, car/LDW and chl:car and lower chl/LA car/LA, chl a:b and pro/LDW than sun leaves. Increased density resulted in higher SLA, chl:car ratio, and pro/LDW. Photosynthetic pigment accumulation was greater in shade leaves of E. ovata. E. ovata therefore, seems to adapt to shade through adjustment of the photosynthetic apparatus,while E. nitens adapted to low light primarily through increased SLA. SLA increased with greater planting densities and with decreased light intensity. The increase in SLA in shade leaves was greater in E. nitens, accounting for its greater biomass production over all planting densities in a related study.

Sex-specific differences in floral display and resource allocation in Australian alpine dioecious Aciphylla glacialis (Apiaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Marina Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Floral Displays

In one of the few dioecious species in the Australian alpine region, Aciphylla glacialis (F.Muell.) Benth. (Apiaceae) flowering and resource allocation patterns were found to differ between males and females, potentially a response to sex-specific selection under the limited conditions for growth and reproduction imposed by the alpine environment. Sex ratios were male biased with approximately 1.49 males to each female in each of five populations of A. glacialis. Male plants had larger floral displays than female plants, producing four times as many flowers per inflorescence and an average of 3.5 inflorescences per plant, compared to 2.9 inflorescences for females. Male and female plants commenced flowering within a few days of each other (average 18 January for males, 19 January for females) but female plants completed flowering earlier, finishing at the end of January, while males were still flowering well into February. Male and female plants did not differ in size as estimated by the number of stems per plant, nor in the proportion of resources allocated to reproduction compared with above ground vegetative structures. However, they did differ in the way resources were allocated to vegetative and floral structures, particularly among larger plants. Large female plants produced heavier stems and infloresences than males. Heavier inflorescences in females may be associated with the need for greater structural support for inflorescences when fruiting, while the increased dry weight of stems may reflect differences in the ways in which the sexes match growth and resource demands for flowering.

scholarly journals Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg proportions in finite populations

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Error ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Random Selection ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Census Size ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Gene Frequency Difference

SummaryFor a finite diploid population with no mutation, migration and selection, equations for the deviation of observed genotype frequencies from Hardy–Weinberg proportions are derived in this paper for monoecious species and for autosomal and sex-linked loci in dioecious species. It is shown that the genotype frequency deviation in finite random-mating populations results from the difference between the gene frequencies of male and female gametes, which is determined by two independent causes: the gene frequency difference between male and female parents and the sampling error due to the finite number of offspring. Previous studies have considered only one of the causes and the equations derived by previous authors are applicable only in the special case of random selection. The general equations derived here for both causes incorporate the variances and covariances of family size and thus they reduce to previous equations for random selection. Stochastic simulations are run to check the predictions from different formulae. Non-random mating and variation in census size are considered and the applications of the derived formulae are exemplified.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PRIMING WITH SILVER FIR AND OREGANO ESSENTIAL OILS ON SEED GERMINATION AND VIGOUR OF SILENE SENDTNERI

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Erna Karalija ◽  
Fatima Pustahija ◽  
Adisa Parić
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Oregano Oil

UDK: 582.661.51:631.53.027]:547.913 In order to investigate the effects of seed priming with silver fir and oregano essential oils on certain important seedling characteristic and seed vigour of interesting endemic and horticultural species Silene sendtneri, an experiment was conducted based on randomized completely design with three replications. Traits such as germination rate, water content, dry weight, vigour index and photosynthetic pigments were analysed. Results revealed that the seedlings obtained with priming seeds showed increased growth, water content, vigour and photosynthetic pigment contents but decreased germination rate and dry weight compared with that obtained with non-primed seeds. Analysis of seed priming effects had demonstrated even germination rate is smaller the seedling vigour is slightly higher especially with all oregano oil treatments. We suggest that oregano oil has a potential as a priming agent for improvement of seedling synchrony, although at lower rate of germination.

The Spawning of Echinus Esculentus and Some Changes in Gonad Composition

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
F. C. STOTT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Post Spawning ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Inshore Migration

1. The spring inshore migration of Echinus at Port Erin in 1930 started in early February and reached its maximum in the middle of March. Mature gonads were found at the end of February and throughout March and early April. At the end of June all gonads examined were spent. The sea temperature throughout this period was observed. It is probable that May was the chief month in which natural spawning took place. 2. A cycle of changes in the composition of the gonad are recorded from November 1929 to July 1930. The chief of these are: (a) In the males an increase in percentage dry weight as the gonads mature ; the opposite taking place in the females. (b) A large and simultaneous decrease in percentage glycogen in both male and female gonads prior to spawning followed by a great post-spawning increase. The fatty acid content does not alter with the maturation of the gonad, but an indication is given that an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates other than glycogen occurs. Hence it is suggested that glycogen is transformed in the maturing gonad into carbohydrate food reserves for the ripe eggs and sperm.

Kurt Albin Mothes, 3 November 1900 - 12 February 1983

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 515-543
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Great Energy ◽  
Early Training

Kurt Albin Mothes was truly a pioneer in the elucidation of the nitrogen metabolism of plants. His early training in pharmacy gave him an enduring interest in medicinal plants, and he was one of the first to study the formation and metabolism of alkaloids at the plant level. To many other aspects of nitrogen metabolism, such as detoxification of ammonia, the transport of amino acids, the physiology of senescence, the function of cytokinins, and the metabolic differences between male and female plants (in dioecious species), he made notable contributions. He was also a tireless summarizer, reviewer and integrator. In plant physiology in eastern Europe he was clearly the outstanding figure. He had extraordinary ability to inspire loyalty in his co-workers, and combined great energy in work with an ability to relax completely in the enjoyment of nature and of physical activities.

scholarly journals A Model of Hormonal Regulation of Stamen Abortion during Pre-Meiosis of Litsea cubeba

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Zilong Xu ◽  
Yangdong Wang ◽  
Yicun Chen ◽  
Hengfu Yin ◽  
Liwen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Litsea Cubeba ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Female Flowers

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., a popular essential oil plant, is a dioecious species with degenerative sexual organs in both male and female individuals. Yet, the mechanism of degenerative organs development in male and female flowers is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the morphological characters of degenerative organ development by morphological and histological observations, and determined the critical stage of abortion that occurs at pre-meiosis in male and female flowers. We also conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to understand the genetic basis of stamen abortion in female flowers. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during the staminode development in female flowers; functional enrichment analysis revealed some important biological pathways involved the regulation of stamen abortion, including plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and monoterpenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, 15 DEGs involved in the hormone pathways were found to regulate stamen development. By HPLC-MS/MS analysis, there were a salicylic acid (SA) content peak and the gibberellin (GA) content lowest point in the abortion processes in female flowers, suggesting a vital function of hormonal processes. Co-expression network analysis further identified several hub genes that potentially played significant roles in the stamen abortion of L. cubeba. Taken together, we proposed a model involved in plant hormones pathways underlying stamen abortion during pre-meiosis in female flowers of L. cubeba.

scholarly journals Herbaceous Perennial Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Biochar-amended Propagation Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin K. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial ◽  
Coconut Shell Biochar ◽  
Biochar Amendment

The first objective of this study was to assess the effects of coconut shell biochar in propagation substrate on seed germination and seedling growth of Coreopsis grandiflora (Hogg ex Sweet) ‘Early Sunrise’, Leucanthemum ×superbum (Bergman ex J. Ingram) ‘Silver Princess’, and Eschscholzia californica (Cham.). Cornell seed germination mix was amended with the biochar (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 40%, v/v). Seed germination and seedling growth were determined during a 21-day period in two germination rooms. This particular biochar amendment did not affect final germination percentage for any of the species. All three species had seedling shoot and primary root length growth with low to moderate positive correlation (r = 0.33–0.54) with coconut shell biochar amendment volume. Coreopsis seedling dry weight was significantly higher with 40% biochar than the control (P ≤ 0.05). The second objective of the study was to compare digitally collected data with manually collected data. Two-dimensional scans of Coreopsis and Leucanthemum seedlings were collected. Seedling dry weight (mg) and seedling length (mm) predicted seedling two-dimensional area for Coreopsis (R2 = 0.73, P < 0.001) and Leucanthemum (R2 = 0.87, P < 0.001). Digitally traced shoot and root lengths were strongly positively correlated (r = 0.99–0.97) with manual ruler measurements, suggesting that digital imaging could replace manual length measurements. The results of this study suggest inclusion of this particular coconut shell biochar in seed germination, and establishment substrates can have neutral or positive effects on herbaceous perennial germination and establishment.

scholarly journals Priming and drying on the physiological quality of eggplant seeds

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delineide P Gomes ◽  
Alexandre F da Silva ◽  
Denise Cunha FS Dias ◽  
Eveline M Alvarenga ◽  
Laércio J da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peg 6000 ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Three Sheets ◽  
Osmotic Potentials ◽  
Primary Root Length

We evaluated the effect of the priming with polyethyleneglicol (PEG) 6000 followed or not of drying on two lots of eggplant seeds with medium and low vigor respectively. The seeds were submitted to the treatments of priming with PEG 6000 in the osmotic potentials of -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa during 48 or 96 hours of priming with and without subsequent drying. For the soaking of seeds in osmotic solutions, these were placed over three sheets of paper boxes such germitest gerbox conditioning moistened with each solution in a 3:1 ratio. The control group was represented by unprimed seeds. The priming for both lots provided higher values in relation to the vigor through the first counting of germination, seedlings and primary root length, germination and emergence rates, emergence and dry weight of seedlings when compared to the non-primed seeds. These results were not verified for germination; significant differences practically were not observed in relation to the controls. Improvements in relation to the vigour were not higher on lot 2 than those obtained on lot 1. The priming with PEG 6000 with subsequent drying increased the vigor of eggplant seeds of the cultivar Morro Grande in relation to those non-primed, however, without differences in the germination.

CHICK EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AS INFLUENCED BY IN OVO INJECTED SELENIUM

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. FITZSIMMONS ◽  
K. PHALARAKSH
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Embryo Morphology ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Four Levels

Fresh fertile eggs were injected with four levels of selenium (as sodium selenite) into the air cell and examined after various times of incubation. The treatment effects on embryo morphology, stage of embryo mortality and body weight are reported. The correlation between wet weight vs. dry weight and protein nitrogen was 0.99 and 0.94, respectively, for the 2- to 5-day incubation period. The coefficient of correlation for wet weight vs. dry weight from 6 to 18 days of incubation was also very high (r = 0.97). The four selenium (Se) treatment levels (0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 ppm of added Se per embryo) resulted in a significant depression of embryo wet weights at 3 and 4 days of incubation but not at 2 days. There was no treatment effect on male and female embryo wet weights from 6 to 18 days of incubation. Furthermore, there was no significant differences between male and female wet weights during this latter period. The embryo mortality resulting from the above Se treatments was 16.2, 15.1, 28.2 and 29.0%, respectively (control mortality was 8.2%), and 99% of these embryos did not develop beyond the 6-day stage. No morphological abnormalities were observed from the Se treatments.

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