scholarly journals Development of Fine Root Biomass of Two Contrasting Urban Tree Cultivars in Response to Drought Stress

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Laura Myrtiá Faní Stratópoulos ◽  
Chao Xu ◽  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
Thomas Rötzer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Belowground Processes ◽  
Tilia Tomentosa

Global climate change associated with rapid urbanization is projected to cause a worsening of environmental problems such as extreme heat and drought in cities. Urban trees play an essential role in improving air quality, fixing carbon, mitigating environmental degradation, and providing other ecosystem services. However, limited research has been conducted on belowground processes, which hampers a comprehensive understanding of the effect of climate change and urbanization on urban tree growth. Fine roots (<2-mm diameter) are the primary pathway for water and nutrient uptake by plants, and they considerably contribute to the survival of urban trees under drought stress. In this study, we conducted a controlled experiment on the development of fine roots of Tilia cordata Mill ‘Greenspire’ and Tilia tomentosa Moench ‘Brabant’ in response to drought stress via soil coring. Our results indicate that the two cultivars have different strategies for coping with drought. Tilia tomentosa ‘Brabant’, originating from drier regions, gave allocation to deeper soil parts priority probably to obtain more water. On the other hand, Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’, which is native in Central Europe, showed a negative response to water shortage and preferred a more horizontal development of fine roots rather than a vertical development. Long-term studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the belowground processes of urban trees to select tree species and cultivars which are appropriate for planting in major cities, particularly with regard to future climate change.

scholarly journals How Do Tilia Cordata Greenspire Trees Cope with Drought Stress Regarding Their Biomass Allocation and Ecosystem Services?

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Stratopoulos ◽  
Pretzsch ◽  
Rötzer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Coarse Root

In the context of climate change, drought is likely to become more frequent and more severe in urban areas. Urban trees are considered to play an important role in fixing carbon, improving air quality, reducing noise and providing other ecosystem services. However, data on the response of urban trees to climate change, particularly to drought, as well as the relationship between their below- and above-ground processes in this context, are still limited, which prevents a comprehensive understanding of the role of urban trees in ameliorating some of the adverse effects of climate change and their ability to cope with it. To investigate whole-plant responses to water shortages, we studied the growth of Tilia cordata Greenspire, a commonly planted urban tree, including development of its roots and stem diameter, leaf parameters and the harvested biomass. Our results showed that this cultivar was susceptible to drought and had reduced biomass in all three compartments: branch (30.7%), stem (16.7%) and coarse roots (45.2%). The decrease in the root:shoot ratio under drought suggested that more carbon was invested in the above-ground biomass. The development of fine roots and the loss of coarse root biomass showed that T. cordata Greenspire prioritised the growth of fine roots within the root system. The CityTree model’s simulation showed that the ability of this cultivar to provide ecosystem services, including cooling and CO2 fixation, was severely reduced. For use in harsh and dry urban environments, we recommend that urban managers take into account the capacity of trees to adapt to drought stress and provide sufficient rooting space, especially vertically, to help trees cope with drought.

scholarly journals Assessment and Prediction of Climate Risks in Three Major Urban Agglomerations of Eastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13037
Author(s):  
Jieming Chou ◽  
Mingyang Sun ◽  
Wenjie Dong ◽  
Weixing Zhao ◽  
Jiangnan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Climate Change Risk ◽  
Climate Risks

In the context of global climate change and urban expansion, extreme urban weather events occur frequently and cause significant social problems and economic losses. To study the climate risks associated with rapid urbanization in the global context of climate change, the vulnerability degree of urban agglomeration is constructed by the Grey Model (GM (1, 1)). Based on the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) data sets SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, drought, heat wave, and flood hazards under different emission scenarios are calculated. The vulnerability degree of the urban agglomeration and the climate change hazard were input into the climate change risk assessment model to evaluate future climate change risk. The analysis results show regional differences, with the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration having good urban resilience, the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration having slightly higher overall risk, and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration having the highest relative risk overall. On the whole, the higher the emission intensity is, the greater the risk of climate change to each urban agglomeration under different emission scenarios.

scholarly journals Paleoclimate and current climate collectively shape the phylogenetic and functional diversity of trees worldwide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yong Guo ◽  
Josep M. Serra-Diaz ◽  
Franziska Schrodt ◽  
Wolf L. Eiserhardt ◽  
Brian S. Maitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Tree Diversity ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Contemporary Climate

AbstractTrees are of vital importance for ecosystem functioning and services at local to global scales, yet we still lack a detailed overview of the global patterns of tree diversity and the underlying drivers, particularly the imprint of paleoclimate. Here, we present the high-resolution (110 km) worldwide mapping of tree species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversities based on ∼7 million quality-assessed occurrences for 46,752 tree species (80.5% of the estimated total number of tree species), and subsequent assessments of the influence of paleo-climate legacies on these patterns. All three tree diversity dimensions exhibited the expected latitudinal decline. Contemporary climate emerged as the strongest driver of all diversity patterns, with Pleistocene and deeper-time (>107 years) paleoclimate as important co-determinants, and, notably, with past cold and drought stress being linked to reduced current diversity. These findings demonstrate that tree diversity is affected by paleoclimate millions of years back in time and highlight the potential for tree diversity losses from future climate change.

scholarly journals Heat and Drought Stress Advanced Global Wheat Harvest Timing from 1981–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilong Ren ◽  
Qiming Qin ◽  
Huazhong Ren ◽  
Juan Sui ◽  
Yao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Harvest Timing

Studying wheat phenology can greatly enhance our understanding of how wheat growth responds to climate change, and guide us to reasonably confront its influence. However, comprehensive global-scale wheat phenology–climate analysis is still lacking. In this study, we extracted the wheat harvest date (WHD) from 1981–2014 from satellite data using threshold-, logistic-, and shape-based methods. Then, we analyzed the effects of heat and drought stress on WHD based on gridded daily temperature and monthly drought data (the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI)) over global wheat-growing areas. The results show that WHD was generally delayed from the low to mid latitudes. With respect to variation trends, we detected a significant advancement of WHD in 32.1% of the world’s wheat-growing areas since 1981, with an average changing rate of −0.25 days/yr. A significant negative correlation was identified between WHD and the prior three months’ normal-growing-degree-days across 50.4% of the study region, which implies that greater preseason effective temperature accumulation may cause WHD to occur earlier. Meanwhile, WHD was also found to be significantly and negatively correlated with the prior three months’ extreme-growing-degree-days across only 9.6% of the study region (mainly located in northern South Asia and north Central-West Asia). The effects of extreme heat stress were weaker than those of normal thermal conditions. When extreme drought (measured by PDSI/SPEI) occurred in the current month, in the month prior to WHD, and in the second month prior to WHD, it forced WHD to advance by about 9.0/8.1 days, 13.8/12.2 days, and 10.8/5.3 days compared to normal conditions, respectively. In conclusion, we highlight the effects that heat and drought stress have on advancing wheat harvest timing, which should be a research focus under future climate change.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Water Redistribution by Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Occurring under Severe Soil Drought

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Töchterle ◽  
Fengli Yang ◽  
Stephanie Rehschuh ◽  
Romy Rehschuh ◽  
Nadine K. Ruehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Dry Soil

Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from wet- to dry-soil zones is suggested as an important process in the resilience of forest ecosystems to drought stress in semiarid and tropical climates. Scenarios of future climate change predict an increase of severe drought conditions in temperate climate regions. This implies the need for adaptations of locally managed forest systems, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) monocultures, for instance, through the admixing of deep-rooting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). We designed a stable-isotope-based split-root experiment under controlled conditions to test whether silver fir seedlings could perform HR and therefore reduce drought stress in neighboring beech seedlings. Our results showed that HR by silver fir does occur, but with a delayed onset of three weeks after isotopic labelling with 2H2O (δ2H ≈ +6000‰), and at low rates. On average, 0.2% of added ²H excess could be recovered via HR. Fir roots released water under dry-soil conditions that caused some European beech seedlings to permanently wilt. On the basis of these results, we concluded that HR by silver fir does occur, but the potential for mitigating drought stress in beech is limited. Admixing silver fir into beech stands as a climate change adaptation strategy needs to be assessed in field studies with sufficient monitoring time.

Analysis of effects of climate change on runoff in an urban drainage system: a case study from Seoul, Korea

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jung ◽  
H. Kim ◽  
K. J. B. Mallari ◽  
G. Pak ◽  
J. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Rapid Urbanization

Both water quantity and quality are impacted by climate change. In addition, rapid urbanization has also brought an immeasurable loss of life and property resulting from floods. Hence, there is a need to predict changes in rainfall events to effectively design stormwater infrastructure to protect urban areas from disaster. This study develops a framework for predicting future short duration rainfall intensity and examining the effects of climate change on urban runoff in the Gunja Drainage Basin. Non-stationarities in rainfall records are first analysed using trend analysis to extrapolate future climate change scenarios. The US Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used for single event simulation of runoff quantity from the study area. For the 1-hour and 24-hour durations, statistically significant upward trends were observed. Although the 10-minute duration was only nearly significant at the 90% level, the steepest slope was observed for this short duration. Moreover, it was observed that the simulated peak discharge from SWMM increases as the short duration rainfall intensity increases. The proposed framework is thought to provide a means to review the current design of stormwater infrastructures to determine their capacity, along with consideration of climate change impact.

What we can learn from the parallels between the COVID-19 and the future climate change crises

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén D. Manzanedo ◽  
Peter Manning
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavioral Norm ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
Global Population

The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak pandemic is now a global crisis. It has caused 1.6+ million confirmed cases and 100 000+ deaths at the time of writing and triggered unprecedented preventative measures that have put a substantial portion of the global population under confinement, imposed isolation, and established ‘social distancing’ as a new global behavioral norm. The COVID-19 crisis has affected all aspects of everyday life and work, while also threatening the health of the global economy. This crisis offers also an unprecedented view of what the global climate crisis may look like. In fact, some of the parallels between the COVID-19 crisis and what we expect from the looming global climate emergency are remarkable. Reflecting upon the most challenging aspects of today’s crisis and how they compare with those expected from the climate change emergency may help us better prepare for the future.

Responses of Irish Vegetation to Future Climate Change

2006 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Jones ◽  
Alison Donnelly ◽  
Fabrizio Albanito
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change

Future climate change and its impacts over small island states

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 179-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Lal ◽  
H Harasawa ◽  
K Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Island States ◽  
Small Island States
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