scholarly journals Relationships between Leaf Anatomy and Physiological Functioning of Southern US Oak Species Differing in Flood Tolerance

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Heidi Renninger ◽  
Tyler Durbin ◽  
Austin Gentry ◽  
Zeima Kassahun
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Flood Tolerance ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Leaf N

Research Highlights: Bottomland oaks receive less attention than upland species, however their adaptations to flooding and summer water stress will extend our understanding of the oak genus and links between physiology and leaf anatomy. Background and objectives: Determining links between leaf anatomy and physiology can aid in parameterizing dynamic global vegetation models for oak systems, therefore we sought to (1) compare leaf anatomic, nutrient, and physiological parameters for bottomland oaks differing in flood tolerance, (2) determine correlations across parameters and determine which anatomic and nutrient parameters best predict photosynthetic capacity metrics, and (3) compare these data with reported literature values for oaks across the globe. Materials and Methods: We measured CO2 response curves (A/Ci) on leaves from Nuttall, Shumard, swamp chestnut, water and white oak seedlings planted in the Southeastern United States (US) and estimated stomatal size and density, epidermal cell size, vein density, leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Principal component analysis among these leaf anatomic and nutrient parameters was used to determine the best predictors of photosynthetic parameters including Rubisco-limited carboxylation rate (VCmax) and electron transport limited carboxylation rate (Jmax). Results: We found that although physiological parameters were similar, flood-tolerant oaks had lower leaf N concentrations and larger, more infrequent stomata than less flood-tolerant species. Leaf epidermal properties were correlated with N concentrations and a principal component capturing this correlation as well as principal components correlated with mesophyll conductance and leaf carbon concentrations were found to best explain variation in VCmax and Jmax. These Southeastern US oaks exhibited similar leaf physiological parameters and LMA as oaks reported in the literature but differed in leaf epidermal and stomatal properties as well as leaf N concentrations increasing the reported range of these parameters within the oak genus. Conclusions: Therefore, leaf anatomy and nutrient parameters as opposed to physiology differed across flood tolerance and between bottomland oaks and broader literature values.

Photosynthetic and yield traits identified through multivariate analysis in mungbean exhibiting tolerance to the combined stresses of low phosphorus and drought

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Pandey ◽  
Surendra Kumar Meena ◽  
Gayacharan . ◽  
Madan Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Combined Stresses ◽  
P Content ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Stress ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Component Traits

Experiments were conducted to study the genotypic variability for tolerance to combined stresses of low availability of phosphorus (P) and drought in 14 mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] accessions. The accessions were evaluated under four conditions viz., control (sufficient P, irrigated), low P (without P, irrigated), drought (sufficient P, withholding irrigation) and combined stresses (low P, withholding irrigation). The relative stress tolerance was estimated for 22 agro-physiological traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) and relative stress indices (RSIs) of traits exhibited significant variation among the treatments and accessions. Based on RSIs, the PCA ranking analysis showed that the accessions IC 280489, PDM 139 and IC 76491 were highly ranked and tolerant to low P, drought and combined stresses. The relative increase in component traits such as photosynthetic parameters, relative water content, above-ground biomass, seed P content and number of pods plant–1 were higher while canopy temperature and water use efficiency were reduced in tolerant accessions. In contrast, IPM 2-3 was found to be relatively sensitive to all three treatments. Tolerant accessions may be either included in the breeding program or used directly as cultivar that can be grown under low P and drought.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN FRUIT YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS PARAMETERS IN DIFFERENT OLIVE CULTIVARS (Olea europaea L.) UNDER CON-TRASTING WATER REGIMES

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Majid Golmohammadi ◽  
Omid Sofalian ◽  
Mehdi Taheri ◽  
Alireza Ghanbari ◽  
Valiollah Rasoli
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Olive Cultivar ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Olea Europaea L ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olea Europaéa

The evergreen tree olive (Olea europaea L.) is the only species of the genus Olea that produces edible fruits with high ecological and economic value. This tree species has developed a series of physiochemical mechanisms to tolerate drought stress and grow under adverse climatic environments. One of these mechanisms is photosynthesis activities, so that as yet little information achieved about the relations between olive production and photosynthetic parameters under drought conditions. An experiment was carried out during two consecutive years (2015–2017) to study the response of 20 different olive tree cultivars (Olea europaea L.) to drought stress. Several parameters like net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration rate (TE), photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) and fruit yield were measured. The results of combined analysis of variance for fruit yield and other measured traits showed that year, drought treatment, cultivar main effects and their interactions were highly significant. The results indicated that drought stress reduced all traits, however GS (42.80%), PN (37.21%) and TE (37.17%) significantly affected by drought. Lower reduction in photosynthetic performance (PN, GS and TE) in the cultivar T7 compared to other olive cultivars allowed them to maintain better fruit yield. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two PCs that accounted for 82.04 and 83.27% of the total variation in photosynthetic parameters under optimal and drought stress conditions, respectively. Taken together, mean comparison, relative changes due to drought and biplot analysis revealed that cultivars ‘T7’, ‘Roghani’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Korfolia’ and ‘Abou-satl’ displayed better response against drought stress. According to our results, one olive cultivar namely ‘T7’, could be used in olive breeding programs to improve new high yielding cultivars with drought tolerance for use in the drought-prone environments.

scholarly journals Shifts in Leaf and Branch Elemental Compositions of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) Following Three-Year Rainfall Exclusion

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Tian Lin ◽  
Xuan Fang ◽  
Yongru Lai ◽  
Huaizhou Zheng ◽  
Jinmao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pinus Massoniana Lamb ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf N

We investigated changes in leaf and branch stoichiometry of Pinus massoniana caused by seasonal variation and experimental drought in response to a three-year manipulation of the rainfall exclusion. The results showed that (1) in response to rainfall exclusion manipulation, plant capacity to regulate leaf potassium (K) concentrations were notably lower than for leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Thus, the plants modulated leaf N and P concentrations to improve water use efficiency, which take part in drought resistance mechanisms. Leaf K concentrations decreased continuously, having additional indirect negative effects on plant fitness. (2) The effects of seasonal variation on both the leaf K and P concentrations were significantly stronger than on leaf N concentrations. High leaf N and P concentrations and a low N:P ratio in the growing season improved the growth rate. (3) Principal component analyses (PCA) revealed that to adapt to drought, the plants regulated nutrient elements and then maintained certain stoichiometries as a capital to resist stress. Our results suggest that, on nutrient-poor soils, a lack of N or P (or both) would probably impede P. massoniana’s response to drought.

scholarly journals Climate response of five oak species in the eastern deciduous forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Speer ◽  
Henri D. Grissino-Mayer ◽  
Kenneth H. Orvis ◽  
Cathryn H. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Palmer Drought Severity Index ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Climatic Response ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Drought Severity Index

The climatic response of trees that occupy closed canopy forests in the eastern United States (US) is important to understanding the possible trajectory these forests may take in response to a warming climate. Our study examined tree rings of 664 trees from five oak species (white ( Quercus alba L.), black ( Quercus velutina Lam.), chestnut ( Quercus prinus L.), northern red ( Quercus rubra L.), scarlet ( Quercus coccinea Münchh.)) from 17 stands in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and northern Georgia to determine their climatic response. We dated the samples using skeleton plots, measured the cores, and compared the site- and regional-level tree-ring chronologies of each separate species with divisional climate data. The oldest trees in each chronology dated back to 203 years for black oak, 299 years for chestnut oak, 171 years for northern red oak, 135 years for scarlet oak, and 291 years for white oak. We successfully developed climate models via multiple regression analyses with statistically significant (P < 0.05) variables representing the Palmer Drought Severity Index and average monthly temperature for most of the site-species chronologies (average R2 = 0.15). All regional climate response models included the Palmer Drought Severity Index from either June or July as the most significant variable in the climate response, suggesting that growing-season drought is the most important factor limiting oak growth in the southeastern US. An increase in temperature and reduction in moisture is likely to reduce their competitiveness in their current locations and force these species to migrate to cooler climates, thereby greatly changing ecosystem health and stability in the southern Appalachians.

scholarly journals Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Zemanová ◽  
Marek Popov ◽  
Daniela Pavlíková ◽  
Pavel Kotrba ◽  
František Hnilička ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Pteris Cretica ◽  
As Toxicity ◽  
Hyperaccumulator Plant

Abstract Background: Arsenic toxicity induces a range of metabolic responses in plants, including DNA methylation. The focus of this paper was on the relationship between As-induced stress and plant senescence in the hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. Albo-lineata (Pc-Al). We assume difference in physiological parameters and level of DNA methylation in young and old fronds as symptoms of As toxicity.Results: The As accumulation of Pc-Al fronds, grown in pots of haplic chernozem contaminated with 100 mg As kg-1 for 122 days, decreased with age. Content of As was higher in young than old fronds for variants with 100 mg As kg-1 (2800 and 2000 mg As kg-1 dry matter, respectively). The highest As content was determined in old fronds of Pc-Al grown in pots with 250 mg As kg-1. The increase with age was confirmed for determined nutrients – Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. A significant elevation of all analysed nutrients was showed in old fronds. Arsenic accumulation affected DNA methylation status in fronds, but content of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) decreased only in old fronds of Pc-Al (from 25% to 12%). Determined photosynthetic processes showed a decrease of fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and chlorophylls of As treatments in young and old fronds. Water potential was decreased by As in both fronds. Thinning of the sclerenchymatous inner cortex and a reduction in average tracheid metaxylem in the vascular cylinder was showed in roots of As treatment. Irrespective to fronds age, physiological parameters positively correlated with a 5mC while negatively with direct As toxicity. Opposite results were found for contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn.Conclusions: The results of this paper point to changes in the metabolism of the hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, upon low and high exposure to As contamination. The significant impact of As on DNA methylation was found in old fronds. Irrespective to fronds age, significant correlations were confirmed for 5mC and As toxicity. Our analysis of the very low water potential values and lignification of cell walls in roots showed that transports of assimilated metabolites and water between roots and fronds were reduced. As was showed by our results, epigenetic changes could affect studied parameters of the As hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, especially in old fronds.

scholarly journals Comparative leaf anatomy of Baccharis (Asteraceae) from high-altitude grasslands in Brazil: taxonomic and ecological implications

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 615-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thales Ornellas ◽  
Gustavo Heiden ◽  
Bruna Nunes de Luna ◽  
Claudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
High Altitude Grasslands ◽  
Secretory Ducts

Baccharis L. is an important genus in the high-altitude environments of South America. In the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, the greatest richness is found at montane and high-montane ecological refuges, known as high-altitude grasslands. The high altitude provides several environmental factors that turn the high-altitude grasslands into singular tropical habitats. In this article we describe the leaf anatomy of six shrubby species of Baccharis, pointing out ecological aspects of the structures, and testing the use of statistical analyses to compare the species. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we compared the anatomical features of the leaves and performed a cluster and principal component analyses. The results show novel features in the leaf anatomy for the genus, such as an undulated cuticle, three secretory ducts in the midrib, secretory ducts associated with the xylem, and biseriate glandular trichomes with an irregular organization of the cells. Our statistical analyses indicate that the anatomical features of the leaves, especially trichomes, are useful for distinguishing the different species, whereas others, such as isobilateral mesophyll, amphistomatic leaves, and an epidermis with thick cell walls correlate with their high-elevation habitat.

scholarly journals Mapping Historic Hookworm Disease Prevalence in the Southern Us, Comparing Percent Prevalence with Percent Soil Drainage Type Using GIS

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. IDRT.S6762
Author(s):  
Alice L. Anderson ◽  
Thomas Allen
Keyword(s):  
Background Information ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Eastern North Carolina

Mapping of Historic US Hookworm prevalence data from the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (early 1900s) using current GIS (Geographic Information System) software (county shape files) illustrates the extremely high prevalence of hookworm disease (Uncariasis) in the Southeastern US at the time. Some counties in 7 states recorded 50% to 100% of the population with positive screens for hookworm in a monumental surveillance and treatment campaign. Narrative descriptions mentioned higher prevalence in “sand districts” vs. “clay districts”. In order to validate this description for historic data, further GIS databases (STATSGO) were used to classify and quantify the % acreage in Eastern North Carolina falling into moderately- to well-drained soil types. These were then mapped and compared with the historic prevalence data. Most severely infested counties had at least 50% moderately to well-drained soil. Further analysis on soil data for other states with “coastal plains” could provide more background information on Environmental conditions for hookworm prevalence and distribution in US history. “Since history has no properly scientific value, its only purpose is educative. And if historians neglect to educate the public, if they fail to interest it intelligently in the past, then all their historical learning is valueless except in so far as it educates themselves”. Trevelyan, (1922).

scholarly journals Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Zemanová ◽  
Marek Popov ◽  
Daniela Pavlíková ◽  
Pavel Kotrba ◽  
František Hnilička ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Arsenic Accumulation ◽  
Pteris Cretica ◽  
As Toxicity ◽  
Hyperaccumulator Plant

Abstract Background Arsenic toxicity induces a range of metabolic responses in plants, including DNA methylation. The focus of this paper was on the relationship between As-induced stress and plant senescence in the hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. Albo-lineata (Pc-Al). We assume difference in physiological parameters and level of DNA methylation in young and old fronds as first symptoms of As low toxicity. Results The As accumulation of Pc-Al fronds, grown in pots of haplic chernozem contaminated with 100 mg As kg-1 for 122 days, decreased with age. Content of As was higher in young than old fronds (2800 and 2000 mg As kg-1 dry matter, respectively). Opposite trend – increase with age, was confirmed for determined nutrients – Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. A significant elevation of all analysed nutrients was showed in old fronds. Arsenic accumulation affected DNA methylation status in fronds, but content of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) decreased only in old fronds of Pc-Al (from 25% to 15%). Determined photosynthetic processes showed a decrease of fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and chlorophylls of As treatment in young and old fronds. Water potential was decreased by As in both fronds. Thinning of the sclerenchymatous inner cortex and a reduction in average tracheid metaxylem in the vascular cylinder was showed in roots of As treatment. Irrespective to fronds age, physiological parameters correlated more significantly with a 5mC than with direct As toxicity. Similar trend was found for contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. Conclusions The results of this paper point to first changes in the metabolism of the hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, upon exposure to As contamination. The significant impact of As on DNA methylation was found in old fronds. Irrespective to fronds age, the most significant correlations were confirmed for 5mC, in contrast to direct As toxicity. Our analysis of the very low water potential values and lignification of cell walls in roots showed that transports of assimilated metabolites and water between roots and fronds were reduced. As was showed by our results, epigenetic changes could affect studied parameters of the As hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, especially in old fronds.

Diffusive limitation to photosynthesis and plant-microbe N competition dominate the urban lawn response to secondary salinization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Liberati ◽  
Ramilla Brykova ◽  
Maria Cristina Moscatelli ◽  
Stefano Moscatello ◽  
Emanuele Pallozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
N Content ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf N

&lt;p&gt;Release of de-icing agents is the main cause of increasing soil salinization in urban and rural areas. &amp;#160;Grasses are the dominant vegetation in urban lawns and are exposed to different rates of soil salinization depending on the distance to the paved salt-affected surfaces. The capacity of these ecosystems to maintain C sequestration and nutrient cycling functioning depends on the sensitivity to salinization of the main players: primary producers and their interaction with microbial community.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this mesocosm study we aimed to evaluating the impact of soil secondary salinization rates on the functioning of &lt;em&gt;Lolium perenne&lt;/em&gt;. Salinization treatments were applied for two months in spring, irrigating the mesocosms with the commonly used de-icing agent NaCl at two concentration, 30 mM (low salinity treatment) and 90 mM (moderate salinity treatment). The leaf physiological &amp;#160;responses of Lolium were assessed monitoring photosynthetic rates (A), stomatal conductance (g&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;)&amp;#160; mesophyll conductance (g&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;), carboxylation capacity (V&lt;sub&gt;cmax&lt;/sub&gt;). Quantitative limitation analysis (QLA) was applied to calculate the relative contribution of diffusive and biochemical limitation to photosynthesis under salinization. Productivity was estimated by regular mowing of plants to 4cm height. Finally, plants were harvested and analyzed on leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N content and &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N isotope composition. Rhizosphere soil was sampled and analyzed on the activity of enzymes involved in the cycling of C, N, S and P.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Salinity increased LMA and leaf N, reducing&amp;#160; Lolium aboveground productivity. Photosynthetic rates were almost halved under both salinity treatments. QLA shows that photosynthesis was mainly limited by g&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;, limitation accounting for 68% and 54% of the total limitation in 30mM and 90mM, respectively. g&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; reduction significantly limited photosynthesis only in 90 mM (32% of total limitation), while biochemical limitations (due to a reduction in V&lt;sub&gt;cmax&lt;/sub&gt;) remained below 20% of the total limitation in both treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mesophyll conductance to CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;depends on leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and is usually negatively related to LMA. The increased LMA observed under salinity treatments suggests that changes in the leaf structure (like increased cell wall thickness) could be responsible for most of the A (and consequently productivity) reduction. &amp;#160;On the other hand, the increased leaf N content is in agreement with the lack of significant reduction in V&lt;sub&gt;cmax&lt;/sub&gt;. Accumulation of N compounds in leaves in response to salinization was accompanied by a decline in soil extracellular enzymes involved in N and other cycles. Over-competing of the microbial pool in access to nutrients by vegetation could be suggested in conditions of salinization. Because the belowground biomass was not affected, decline in C losses with salinization could be hypothesize which should balance the shortage in C inputs. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, salinization mainly limited A through g&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt; limitation, probably associated&amp;#160; to the increased LMA. At the same time, altering the capacity of the microbial pool to compete for N, &amp;#160;it increased leaf N, possibly reducing&amp;#160; the impact of biochemical limitation on A and avoiding a further A and productivity decline.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Experiment was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No.17-77-20046.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effects of Drip Irrigation on Growth, Physiological Parameters, and Yield in Hydroponically Cultivated Cucumis sativus

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1412-1416
Author(s):  
Donavon Sonnenberg ◽  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Ambrose Okem ◽  
Charles Laubscher
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Irrigation Volume

The effect of drip irrigation regimen on growth, physiological parameters, and crop yield in Cucumis sativus L. was investigated using a drip irrigation system. The experimental design comprised eight various water regimens (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 L·h−1). Plants received water five times a day, making a total of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 L per day. Growth and photosynthetic parameters were analyzed on a weekly base for a period of 8 weeks. Crop yield was measured at the end of the experiment. In general, photosynthetic rate (A), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gS) and the transpiration rate (E) of the cucumber plants were enhanced by increasing water quantities compared with the control. Overall, the total chlorophyll content was significantly enhanced between week 7 and 8 in plants treated with high irrigation volume. Significant improvements were recorded in plant height and number of leave from week 3 to 8 in plants supplied with high irrigation volume. The observed increase in photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll contents, and plant growths perhaps accounted for the significant increase in the number of marketable fruits in cucumber grown in higher water regimen. The optimal yield of cucumber in the present study was attained in plants irrigated with water regimen ranging from 40 to 80 L per day. The results of this study present valuable information that cucumber growers in South Africa should adopt the use of drip irrigation technique to save water considering the high drought condition in the country.

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