scholarly journals Impact of Drought and Salinity on Sweetgum Tree (Liquidambar styraciflua L.): Understanding Tree Ecophysiological Responses in the Urban Context

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1032
Author(s):  
Rita Baraldi ◽  
Arkadiusz Przybysz ◽  
Osvaldo Facini ◽  
Lorenzo Pierdonà ◽  
Giulia Carriero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
The Impact

Understanding urban tree responses to drought, salt stress, and co-occurring stresses, as well as the capability to recover afterward, is important to prevent the cited stresses’ negative effects on tree performance and ecological functionality. We investigated the impact of drought and salinity, alone and in combination, on leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, xanthophyll cycle pigments, and isoprene emission of the urban tree species Liquidambar styraciflua L. Generally, drought had a rapid negative impact, while the effect of salt stress was more long lasting. Both stressors significantly decreased photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance, as well as the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII), but increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Under stress conditions, a strong negative correlation between the PSII efficiency and the xanthophyll cycle pigment composition indicated a nocturnal retention of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin in a state primed for energy dissipation. Drought and salt stress inhibited isoprene emission from leaves, although its emission was less responsive to stresses than stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Full recovery of photosynthetic parameters took place after rewatering and washing off of excess salt, indicating that no permanent damage occurred, and suggesting downregulation rather than permanent impairment of the photosynthetic apparatus. Sweetgum trees were capable of withstanding and surviving moderate drought and salt events by activating defense mechanisms conferring tolerance to environmental stresses, without increasing the emission in the atmosphere of the highly reactive isoprene.

scholarly journals Gas exchanges and photochemical efficiency of hydroponic bell pepper under salinity and plant density

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Antônio R. Cavalcante ◽  
José A. Santos Júnior ◽  
Guilherme de F. Furtado ◽  
Lúcia H. G. Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Pepper Plants

ABSTRACT Gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence are ways to physiologically analyze the response of plants to salt stress. In this context, the present work was conducted between August and November 2016 in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Campina Grande (7°12’52” S, 35°54’24” W, mean altitude of 550 m), using bell pepper plants cv. All Big, exposed to levels of nutrient solution electrical conductivity (1.7, 3.7, 5.7, 7.7, 9.7 and 11.7 dS m-1) and cultivated in hydroponic system, spaced by 0.2 and 0.3 m, focusing on the analysis of gas exchanges and photochemical efficiency. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replicates. Plant density influenced the sensitivity of the gas exchanges to salinity and, when reduced, mitigated its effects at higher salinity levels. Increasing plant density at high levels of electrical conductivity caused damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and even reduced the levels of efficiency of the photosystem II from 3.98 dS m-1.

scholarly journals Root Abscisic Acid Contributes to Defending Photoinibition in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) under Salt Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Yan ◽  
Tiantian Bian ◽  
Wenjun He ◽  
Guangxuan Han ◽  
Mengxue Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency Of Psii ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
Aba Content

The aim of the study was to examine the role of root abscisic acid (ABA) in protecting photosystems and photosynthesis in Jerusalem artichoke against salt stress. Potted plants were pretreated by a specific ABA synthesis inhibitor sodium tungstate and then subjected to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). Tungstate did not directly affect root ABA content and photosynthetic parameters, whereas it inhibited root ABA accumulation and induced a greater decrease in photosynthetic rate under salt stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) significantly declined in tungstate-pretreated plants under salt stress, suggesting photosystem II (PSII) photoinhibition appeared. PSII photoinhibition did not prevent PSI photoinhibition by restricting electron donation, as the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSI (ΔMR/MR0) was lowered. In line with photoinhibition, elevated H2O2 concentration and lipid peroxidation corroborated salt-induced oxidative stress in tungstate-pretreated plants. Less decrease in ΔMR/MR0 and Fv/Fm indicated that PSII and PSI in non-pretreated plants could maintain better performance than tungstate-pretreated plants under salt stress. Consistently, greater reduction in PSII and PSI reaction center protein abundance confirmed the elevated vulnerability of photosystems to salt stress in tungstate-pretreated plants. Overall, the root ABA signal participated in defending the photosystem’s photoinhibition and protecting photosynthesis in Jerusalem artichoke under salt stress.

scholarly journals Phenotyping of rice in salt stress environment using high-throughput infrared imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zamin S. Siddiqui ◽  
Jung-Il Cho ◽  
Sung-Han Park ◽  
Taek-Ryoun Kwon ◽  
Gang-Seob Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Stress Environment ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Phenotyping of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Donggin) in salt stress environment using infrared imaging was conducted. Results were correlated with the most frequently used physiological parameters such as stomatal conductance, relative water content and photosynthetic parameters. It was observed that stomatal conductance (R2 = -0.618) and relative water content (R2 = -0.852) were significantly negatively correlated with average plant temperature (thermal images), while dark-adapted quantum yield (Fv/Fm, R2 = -0.325) and performance index (R2 = -0.315) were not consistent with plant temperature. Advantages of infrared thermography and utilization of this technology for the selection of stress tolerance physiotypes are discussed in detail.

Effects of salinity stress on cellular location of elements and photosynthesis in Ramalina canariensis Steiner

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula MATOS ◽  
João CARDOSO-VILHENA ◽  
Rui FIGUEIRA ◽  
A. Jorge SOUSA
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Cellular Location ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of incubation in saline solutions of different concentrations on the uptake and cellular location of essential elements (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+), and its effects on membrane integrity and on the photosynthetic apparatus, were investigated in the lichen Ramalina canariensis Steiner. Saline incubation resulted in a rapid uptake of Na+ and Mg2+ in the cell wall fraction, whereas in the intracellular fraction the accumulation of Na+ was slower. No changes were observed for intracellular Mg2+, suggesting that no generalized membrane damage occurred. Concomitantly with the increase in intracellular Na+, there was a specific loss of K+ from the cell interior, indicating that membrane permeability may have been compromised. Incubation in a 100% artificial sea water solution reduced the maximum photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm) by 17% after 5 min, and this inhibition increased with incubation time. In samples incubated in 100% artificial sea water solution for 2 h followed by 2 h incubation in deionized water, ion distribution and Fv/Fm did not recover to control values. The present findings show the importance of determining the cellular location of elements when assessing their physiological impact. Results indicate that saline stress may irreversibly impair photosynthesis, thus compromising lichen vitality.

scholarly journals Responses of isoprene emission and photochemical efficiency to severe drought combined with prolonged hot weather in hybrid Populus

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (22) ◽  
pp. 7364-7381
Author(s):  
Zhihong Sun ◽  
Yan Shen ◽  
Ülo Niinemets
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Effective Quantum Yield ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Hot Weather

Abstract Isoprene emissions have been considered as a protective response of plants to heat stress, but there is limited information of how prolonged heat spells affect isoprene emission capacity, particularly under the drought conditions that often accompany hot weather. Under combined long-term stresses, presence of isoprene emission could contribute to the maintenance of the precursor pool for rapid synthesis of essential isoprenoids to repair damaged components of leaf photosynthetic apparatus. We studied changes in leaf isoprene emission rate, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activities in two hybrid Populus clones, Nanlin 1388 (relatively high drought tolerance) and Nanlin 895 (relatively high thermotolerance) that were subjected to long-term (30 d) soil water stress (25% versus 90% soil field capacity) combined with a natural heat spell (day-time temperatures of 35–40 °C) that affected both control and water-stressed plants. Unexpectedly, isoprene emissions from both the clones were similar and the overall effects of drought on the emission characteristics were initially minor; however, treatment effects and clonal differences increased with time. In particular, the isoprene emission rate only increased slightly in the Nanlin 895 control plants after 15 d of treatment, whereas it decreased by more than 5-fold in all treatment × clone combinations after 30 d. The reduction in isoprene emission rate was associated with a decrease in the pool size of the isoprene precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate in all cases at 30 d after the start of treatment. Net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, the openness of PSII centers, and the effective quantum yield all decreased, and non-photochemical quenching and catalase activity increased in both control and water-stressed plants. Contrary to the hypothesis of protection of leaf photosynthetic apparatus by isoprene, the data collectively indicated that prolonged stress affected isoprene emissions more strongly than leaf photosynthetic characteristics. This primarily reflected the depletion of isoprene precursor pools under long-term severe stress.

scholarly journals Effect of Zinc Priming on Salt Response of Wheat Seedlings: Relieving or Worsening?

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1514
Author(s):  
Carmelina Spanò ◽  
Stefania Bottega ◽  
Lorenza Bellani ◽  
Simonetta Muccifora ◽  
Carlo Sorce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Mode Of Application ◽  
Salt Response

In an attempt to alleviate salt-induced damage, the application of ZnO nanoparticles has been suggested. As the use of these particles has also been associated with phytotoxicity, to better clarify the effect of zinc and its possible mitigation of salt stress, we treated wheat seedlings with ZnO (nanoparticles or their bulk-scale counterparts, amended either in the growth medium, NPs and B, or sprayed on the leaves, SPNPs and SPB) with or without subsequent treatment with salt. Growth, photosynthetic parameters, zinc and ion concentration, and in situ and biochemical determination of oxidative stress in wheat leaves and/or in roots were considered. Both Zn and NaCl significantly inhibited growth and induced severe alterations in root morphology. Oxidative stress and damage decreased or increased under ZnO treatment and in saline conditions depending on the organ and on the size and mode of application of particles. In spite of the higher stress conditions often recorded in treated leaves, neither pigment concentration nor photochemical efficiency were decreased. A large variability in the effects of ZnO treatment/priming on seedling salt response was recorded; however, the presence of a cumulative negative effect of priming and salt stress sometimes observed calls for caution in the use of ZnO in protection from saline stress.

scholarly journals GAS EXCHANGES, QUANTUM YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS OF WEST INDIAN CHERRY UNDER SALT STRESS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAAN SUDARIO DIAS ◽  
GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA ◽  
FRANCISCO WESLEY ALVES PINHEIRO ◽  
HANS RAJ GHEYI ◽  
LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Potassium Fertilization

ABSTRACT Water resources in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil commonly contain high salt concentrations, compromising the quality of water for agriculture. Thus, adopting techniques that make the use of these resources feasible in agriculture is fundamental. The present study aimed to evaluate the gas exchanges, quantum yield and photosynthetic pigments of grafted West Indian cherry subjected to salt stress and potassium fertilization under greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, composed of two levels of electrical conductivity - ECw (0.8 and 3.8 dS m-1) of water and four doses of potassium (50, 75, 100 and 125% of the dose recommended for the crop), with three replicates. The dose relative to 100% corresponded to 19.8 g of K2O per plant. Gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments of West Indian cherry are negatively affected by irrigation using water with electrical conductivity of 3.8 dS m-1, which compromises the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant, a situation evidenced by the reduction in photosystem II quantum efficiency. Increasing potassium doses led to increments in transpiration, chlorophyll a maximum fluorescence and chlorophyll b content in West Indian cherry grown under salt stress, but do not attenuate the negative effects of irrigation with 3.8 dS m-1 water on its potential photochemical efficiency.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Apparatus Efficiency of Sida Hermaphrodita Cultivated on Heavy Metals Contaminated Arable Land Under Various Fertilization Regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szymon Rusinowski ◽  
Jacek Krzyżak ◽  
Marta Pogrzeba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Microbial Inoculation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Contaminated and marginal lands are favourable place for biomass feedstock establishment, especially due to European Union directive 2009/28/EC. This strategy not only cover local demand for energy and heat but also can be valuable in those land phytomanagment. The second-generation perennial energy crop species are the most feasible for such purpose. We studied the impact of two different fertilizer treatments on plant physiological parameters associated with photosynthesis, heavy metals (HMs) and primary macronutrients accumulation in Sida hermaphrodita cultivated on HMs contaminated soil under field conditions. NPK fertilized plants showed the highest values of photosynthetic parameters at the beginning of growing season when compared to control and microbial inoculated plants. However, at the end of the growing season inoculated and control plants showed better photosynthetic performance than NPK treated. NPK fertilizer caused higher Cd and Zn shoot concentrations while microbial inoculation caused higher K and the lowest N and P concentrations in shoot. Due to Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in plants which should not result in alleviation of photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and biomass production it could be summarize that Sida hermaphrodita is a suitable plant for cultivation on land contaminated with HMs under different fertilization regimes.

scholarly journals Ethylene and Sulfur Coordinately Modulate the Antioxidant System and ABA Accumulation in Mustard Plants under Salt Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Mehar Fatma ◽  
Noushina Iqbal ◽  
Harsha Gautam ◽  
Zebus Sehar ◽  
Adriano Sofo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Stomatal Responses ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Aba Content

This study explored the interactive effect of ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid; an ethylene source) and sulfur (S) in regulating the antioxidant system and ABA content and in maintaining stomatal responses, chloroplast structure, and photosynthetic performance of mustard plants (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) grown under 100 mM NaCl stress. The treatment of ethephon (200 µL L−1) and S (200 mg S kg−1 soil) together markedly improved the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, resulting in declined oxidative stress through lesser content of sodium (Na+) ion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in salt-stressed plants. These changes promoted the development of chloroplast thylakoids and photosynthetic performance under salt stress. Ethephon + S also reduced abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in guard cell, leading to maximal stomatal conductance under salt stress. The inhibition of ethylene action by norbornadiene (NBD) in salt- plus non-stressed treated plants increased ABA and H2O2 contents, and reduced stomatal opening, suggesting the involvement of ethephon and S in regulating stomatal conductance. These findings suggest that ethephon and S modulate antioxidant system and ABA accumulation in guard cells, controlling stomatal conductance, and the structure and efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants under salt stress.

scholarly journals Growth and physiology of ornamental sunflower under salinity in function of paclobutrazol application methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 853-861
Author(s):  
Rafaela F. B. Guimarães ◽  
Sebastião de O. Maia Júnior ◽  
Robson F. de Lima ◽  
Allesson R. de Souza ◽  
Jailma R. de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Application Methods

ABSTRACT The ornamental sunflower has great importance in the floriculture sector due to the color and vitality of its flowers. However, the production and quality of flowers decrease under salt stress, which can be mitigated with paclobutrazol application. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different application methods of paclobutrazol in ornamental sunflower ‘Sol Noturno’ irrigated with brackish waters. The experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to five electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw (0.4; 1.9; 3.4; 4.9, and 6.4 dS m-1) and three paclobutrazol application methods (foliar application, via soil and a control treatment - without paclobutrazol), with four replicates. The increase in salinity of irrigation water reduced gas exchange, photosystem II photochemical efficiency, SPAD index, plant height, and chapter diameter. The paclobutrazol application via soil or foliar increased stomatal conductance and transpiration by 21.09 and 17.80%, respectively, in comparison to plants without application, whereas photosynthesis and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency increased by 28.33 and 31.18% via soil and 14.40 and 16.12% via foliar, respectively. The paclobutrazol application, mainly via soil, favored ‘Sol Noturno’ sunflower plants under salt stress, increasing chlorophyll SPAD index and external chapter diameter, and keeping the number of the petals.

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