scholarly journals Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques and What They Tell Us about Wood Property Variation

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Joseph Dahlen ◽  
Luis A. Apiolaza ◽  
Geoff Downes ◽  
Grant Emms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Field Equipment ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

To maximize utilization of our forest resources, detailed knowledge of wood property variation and the impacts this has on end-product performance is required at multiple scales (within and among trees, regionally). As many wood properties are difficult and time-consuming to measure our knowledge regarding their variation is often inadequate as is our understanding of their responses to genetic and silvicultural manipulation. The emergence of many non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies offers the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of the forest resource; however, it is critical to recognize that any technique has its limitations and it is important to select the appropriate technique for a given application. In this review, we will discuss the following technologies for assessing wood properties both in the field: acoustics, Pilodyn, Resistograph and Rigidimeter and the lab: computer tomography (CT) scanning, DiscBot, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, radial sample acoustics and SilviScan. We will discuss these techniques, explore their utilization, and list applications that best suit each methodology. As an end goal, NDE technologies will help researchers worldwide characterize wood properties, develop accurate models for prediction, and utilize field equipment that can validate the predictions. The continued advancement of NDE technologies will also allow researchers to better understand the impact on wood properties on product performance.

Pinus Taeda L. Wood Property Calibrations Based on Variable Numbers of near Infrared Spectra per Core and Cores per Plantation

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Justin A. Tyson ◽  
P. David Jones ◽  
Gary F. Peter ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Single Spectrum ◽  
Near Infrared Spectra ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Calibration Development

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid, non-destructive method for the estimation of several wood properties of increment cores. NIR spectra are collected from adjacent sections of the same core; however, not all spectra are required for calibration purposes as spectra from the same core are autocorrelated. Previously, we showed that wood property calibrations that included a single spectrum per core were almost as successful when used to predict the wood properties of sections of new cores, as calibrations based on multiple, consecutive spectra per core. However, it is not known, for calibration purposes, how many NIR spectra should be collected per core, nor how many cores are required to represent a plantation. In this study, we demonstrate that it is unnecessary to use NIR spectra from every section of a core for calibration development. One spectrum per core adequately represents it, provided that sections from other cores representing juvenile, mature and the juvenile/mature wood transition are included in the calibration set. Calibration and prediction statistics can be slightly improved by increasing the number of spectra per core from one to between three and five, with the addition of further spectra unnecessary. For the plantations examined in this study, a minimum of seven cores per plantation is recommended. Increasing the number of cores per plantation to ten (the maximum) is unnecessary and the small improvement is not worth the cost.

Hydraulic and biomechanical optimization in norway spruce trunkwood – a review

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Rosner
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

Secondary xylem (wood) fulfills many of the functions required for tree survival, such as transport of water and nutrients, storage of water and assimilates, and mechanical support. The evolutionary process has optimized tree structure to maximize survival of the species, but has not necessarily optimized the wood properties needed for lumber. Under the impact of global warming, knowledge about structure-function relationships in tree trunks will become more and more important in order to prognosticate survival prospects of a species, individuals or provenances. Increasing our knowledge on functional wood anatomy can also provide valuable input for the development of reliable, fast, and at best quasi-non-destructive (e.g. wood coring of mature trunks) indirect screening techniques for drought susceptibility of woody species. This review gives an interdisciplinary update of our present knowledge on hydraulic and biomechanical determinants of wood structure within and among trunks of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), which is one of Europe’s economically most important forest tree species. It summarizes what we know so far on 1) withinring variability of hydraulic and mechanical properties, 2) structure-function relationships in mature wood, 3) mechanical and hydraulic demands and their tradeoffs along tree trunks, and 4) the quite complex wood structure of the young trunk associated with mechanical demands of a small tree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature this review is addressed to physiologists, foresters, tree breeders and wood technologists.

Efficient Random Field Uncertainty Propagation in Design Using Multiscale Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Yin ◽  
Sanghoon Lee ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Wing Kam Liu ◽  
M. F. Horstemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Random Field ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Multiscale Analysis ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Field Representation ◽  
Gaussian Quadrature Formula ◽  
The Impact

An integrated design framework that employs multiscale analysis to facilitate concurrent product, material, and manufacturing process design is presented in this work. To account for uncertainties associated with material structures and their impact on product performance across multiple scales, efficient computational techniques are developed for propagating material uncertainty with random field representation. Random field is employed to realistically model the uncertainty existing in material microstructure, which spatially varies in a product inherited from the manufacturing process. To reduce the dimensionality of random field representation, a reduced order Karhunen–Loeve expansion is used with a discretization scheme applied to finite-element meshes. The univariate dimension reduction method and the Gaussian quadrature formula are used to efficiently quantify the uncertainties in product performance in terms of its statistical moments, which are critical information for design under uncertainty. A control arm example is used to demonstrate the proposed approach. The impact of the initial microscale porosity random field produced during a casting process on the product damage is studied and a reliability-based design of the control arm is performed.

scholarly journals Comparison of whole-tree wood property maps based on near-infrared spectroscopic calibrations utilizing data at different spatial resolutions

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Finto Antony ◽  
Christian Mora ◽  
Joseph Dahlen
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Whole Tree

AbstractNear-infrared (NIR) spectra or NIR-hyperspectral images obtained from radial strips or wood discs provide a cost-effective methodology for examining wood property variation within trees. The calibration used for wood property prediction is critical and can be obtained using two fundamentally different approaches. One involves using a spatial-specific model where wood property data and corresponding spectral data are measured at the same resolution for calibration and prediction, e.g. 10-mm radial increments. The other provides a spatial-interpolated model and involves measuring a property on a broad-scale, e.g. whole-tree, calibrating this data against NIR spectra representing the equivalent scale and then using the calibration to predict the property at higher resolution. To understand the impact of these approaches on subsequent patterns of within-tree variation, whole-tree air-dry density (ADD) and coarseness maps, based on data obtained using the two different approaches, were compared. Patterns of ADD and coarseness variation were comparable indicating that both approaches can be utilized to examine within-tree variation. Spatial-interpolated models have a distinct advantage; being based on whole-tree (or disc) samples, they greatly reduce the cost of wood property analysis and allow the development of maps for properties that are costly and difficult to measure, for example, pulp yield.

Radial variation in pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata) wood properties

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos ◽  
Charles Espey
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Radial Variation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (pernambuco or pau-brasil) is recognized as the premier raw material for manufacturing stringed instrument bows. Several studies have identified properties considered important in determining the suitability of pernambuco wood for bow manufacture including density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and, possibly, microfibril angle (MFA). No research has been conducted on how these properties vary within individual trees; however, an understanding of how pernambuco wood properties vary within trees is important as it may assist in the identification of trees or provenances most suited for the establishment of plantations, aid in developing an understanding of management practices on wood property variation for plantation-grown pernambuco and also facilitate the identification of regions within trees that possess optimal properties for bow manufacture. Radial variation in density, MFA and MOE was examined using SilviScan for three radial strips representing differing levels of wood quality in terms of perceived suitability for making high-quality bows. The lowest quality sample showed considerable radial variation compared to the higher quality samples for all properties and it also had the lowest average density. It was not possible to identify a strong pith to bark trend for any of the wood properties examined.

Impedance-based non-destructive evaluation of additively manufactured parts

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad I. Albakri ◽  
Logan D. Sturm ◽  
Christopher B. Williams ◽  
Pablo A. Tarazaga
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Internal Porosity ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Am Processes

Purpose This work proposes the utilization of electromechanical impedance measurements as a means of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) for additive manufacturing (AM). The effectiveness and sensitivity of the technique for a variety of defect types commonly encountered in AM are investigated. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the feasibility of impedance-based NDE for AM, the authors first designed and fabricated a suite of test specimens with build errors typical of AM processes, including dimensional inaccuracies, positional inaccuracies and internal porosity. Two polymer AM processes were investigated in this work: material jetting and extrusion. An impedance-based analysis was then conducted on all parts and utilized, in a supervised learning context, for identifying defective parts. Findings The newly proposed impedance-based NDE technique has been proven to be an effective solution for detecting several types of print defects. Specifically, it was shown that the technique is capable of detecting print defects resulting in mass change (as small as 1 per cent) and in feature displacement (as small as 1 mm) in both extruded nylon parts and jetted VeroWhitePlus parts. Internal porosity defects were also found to be detectable; however, the impact of this defect type on the measured impedance was not as profound as that of dimensional and positional inaccuracies. Originality/value Compared to currently available NDE techniques, the newly proposed impedance-based NDE is a functional-based technique with the advantages of being cost-effective, sensitive and suitable for inspecting AM parts of complex geometry and deeply embedded flaws. This technique has the potential to bridge the existing gaps in current NDE practices, hence paving the road for a wider adoption of AM to produce mission-critical parts.

Aircraft Wing Inspection Based on Anomalous Wave Propagation Imaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 879-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Ryul Lee ◽  
Chen Ciang Chia ◽  
Hye Jin Shin ◽  
Jong Heon Kim ◽  
Chan Yik Park
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Anomalous Wave ◽  
Structural Health Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health management (SHM) with the ability to evaluate the severity of a damage are important to ensure the reliability of a structure. We propose a local non-destructive evaluation (NDE) system based on Anomalous Wave Propagation Imaging (AWPI) method. When possible damage is flagged during the lifecycle of the structure, the proposed system will be launched for automatic damage evaluation. This technology was demonstrated on a CFRP skin-spar-stringers wingbox integrated with an AE sensor. 17 mm diameter impact damage was made between the stringers using hammer strike from outer surface of the skin. Based on the impact location determined by other global structural health monitoring system, the AWPI automatically inspects an area 400×400 mm2 with the impacted location enclosed. Anomalous Wave Propagation Movie (AWPM) was generated as inspection result. As contrast to its predecessor, the AWPM shows only the damage induced ultrasonic wave (anomalous wave), making the damage detection an intuitive decision making process. Precise damage localization was performed by identifying the location of area with anomalous wave propagation in the AWPM. Besides, the size of the area with anomalous wave agreed well with the size of impact damage, which demonstrated that damage size quantification is possible using the proposed system. Being sensitive only to anomalous wave, it is expected that this NDE system is exceptionally suitable not only for aircraft structures such as wingbox with stiffeners, but also for other complex engineering structures.

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