scholarly journals Tree Willow Root Growth in Sediments Varying in Texture

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Ian McIvor ◽  
Valérie Desrochers
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Diameter Classes

We investigated the early root development of Salix nigra L. willow grown from cuttings in the different riverbank sediments; silt, sand and stones. Cuttings were grown for 10 weeks in layered sediment types in five large planter boxes, each box having three separate compartments. The boxes differed in the proportion of silt, sand and stones. At 10 weeks, the roots were extracted and sorted into diameter classes (≥2 mm; 1 < 2 mm; <1 mm) according to sediment type and depth. Root length and dry mass were measured and root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) calculated. Root development of S. nigra cuttings varied with the substrate, either silt, sand or stones. Roots initiated from the entire length of the cutting in the substrate but with a concentration of initials located at the bottom and close to the bottom of the cutting. There was substantial root extension into all three substrates and at all depths. Generally, RMD was higher in the stones, influenced by having the bottom of the cuttings in stones for four of the five treatments. RMD was highest for roots <1 mm diameter. RMD of roots <1 mm diameter was least for those roots growing in sand. Whereas RLD for roots >0.5 mm diameter was highest in the sand, RLD of roots with diameter <0.5 mm was lowest in sand. Roots of S. nigra cuttings were least effective in binding sand, primarily because of low RLD of roots <0.5 mm diameter. It is surmised that sand lacks water and nutrients sufficient to sustain growth of fine roots compared with silt and even stones. RLD for roots >0.5 mm diameter was lowest in silt likely due to the greater resistance of the substrate to root penetration, or possibly the greater investment into smaller roots with absorption capability.

Root depth of native and sown perennial grass-based pastures, North-West Slopes, New South Wales. 1. Estimates from cores and effects of grazing treatments

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Native Pasture

Studies were undertaken on native and sown perennial grass-based pastures as part of the Sustainable Grazing Systems National Experiment to estimate root depth and describe root distribution in these pastures. Samples from soil cores (0–210 cm maximum sampling depth) taken in 1997 (before grazing treatments were imposed) and 4 years later in spring 2001 were used to examine the effects of different grazing regimes on root length density (cm/cm3), root mass density (mg/cm3), root volume density (cm3/cm3), and diameter (mm) at each of 3 sites. In spring 1997, mean maximum root depth was 107 cm for a native perennial grass pasture near Barraba and 74 cm for a pasture sown with phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) near Nundle, with values being lower for a native pasture near Manilla (65 cm for a Brown Vertosol and 97 cm for a Red Chromosol). For all pasture types, >20% of root mass density, root length density or root volume density was in the 0–5 cm soil layer and >60% was at a depth of 0–30 cm. At all sites, mean total root mass was around 1000 kg DM/ha. After 4 years of grazing (spring 2001) there were relatively few significant effects of grazing treatment on root length density, root mass density, root volume density, or root diameter. Effects that were significant mostly occurred at 0–5 cm for the native pastures and 0–50 cm for the sown pasture. For the Barraba native pasture, root length, volume and mass densities (0–5 cm) were higher (P<0.05) in the continuously grazed, low stocking rate treatment compared with all other treatments. Similarly, for the Manilla native pasture, root length density was higher (P<0.05) in this treatment at soil depths of 0–5 and >5–10 cm compared with all other treatments. In contrast, for the Nundle sown pasture, root length density (0–5 cm) was lowest (P<0.05) in 2 continuously grazed treatments compared with those that were strategically grazed in autumn and spring.

scholarly journals Root system architecture in winter varieties of spelt (TriticumspeltaL.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Andrzej Żabiński ◽  
Urszula Sadowska
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Soil Core

The objective of the study was determination of the variability of morphometry and comparison of the morphological structure of the root system in winter cultivars of spelt. Four spelt cultivars were used in the study: Frankencorn, Oberkulmer Rotkorn, Schwabenkorn and Ostro. The material for the study originated from a field experiment. The roots were collected using the soil core method to the depth of 30 cm, from the rows and inter-rows, then the roots were separated using a semi-automatic hydropneumatic scrubber. The cleaned roots were manually separated and scanned, obtaining their digital images. Image analysis was performed using the Aphelion computer software. In order to characterize the root system of the spelt cultivars included in the study, values of the following indexes were determined: root dry mass (RDM), root length density (RLD), specific root length (SRL), mean root diameter (MD). Based on the obtained results it was determined that the RDM, MD and RLD indexes in all spelt cultivars attain the highest values in the row, at the depth 0–5 cm.The highest value of the RDM and MD indexes characterized the root system of the Ostro cultivar at the depth 0–5 cm. The Oberkulmerrotkorn spelt cultivar was distinguished among the tested objects by the highest value of the SRL index.

scholarly journals Guar root and shoot growth as affected by soil compaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doglas Bassegio ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Mansano Sarto ◽  
Ciro Antonio Rosolem ◽  
Jaqueline Rocha Wobeto Sarto
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

ABSTRACT Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is commonly grown in arid lands, because of its high drought-tolerance. However, soil compaction may be a limiting factor to its growth. This study aimed to evaluate the guar growth, according to the soil penetration resistance (0.20 MPa, 0.33 MPa, 0.50 MPa, 0.93 MPa and 1.77 MPa, in a layer with depth between 0.15 m and 0.20 m), in a Rhodic Acrudox soil. The shoot and root dry mass, root length by the Q1/2 index (mechanical soil penetration resistance in which the root growth is reduced by 50 %) and root diameter were evaluated. The impairment of the guar shoot growth begins when the penetration resistance is greater than around 1 MPa. The soil compaction alters the distribution of guar roots in the soil profile, concentrating them in the 0.15 m layer, but it does not prevent roots from penetrating this layer and developing in depth. The root diameter increases in the compacted layer. A soil penetration resistance of up to 1.77 MPa does not influence the root length density below the compacted layer, as well as the total root length density of guar. Although the guar Q1/2 index is greater than 1.58, the shoot and root dry mass are impaired.

Effect of variety, irrigation regime and planting date on depth, rate, duration and density of root growth in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. STALHAM ◽  
E. J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Short Period

Experiments were conducted over the period 1987–94 at Cambridge University Farm and two other sites to examine the effect of various husbandry factors, particularly variety and irrigation regime, on rate, depth and density of rooting in potatoes. Maximum rooting depth ranged from 59 to 140 cm, indicating that potatoes can root to considerable depths and thereby have access to large volumes of water to satisfy the potential demand for water created by the atmospheric conditions and the size of the canopy. Root extension vertically through the soil profile was best described as a three-phase process: an initial rapid period lasting 3–5 weeks with growth rates c. 1·2 cm/day, a second period of slower growth (c. 0·8 cm/day), followed by cessation of root extension for the rest of the life of the crop. Variety had a major influence on the ultimate depth of rooting, primarily owing to variations in the length of the different periods of rooting rather than the rate in each period. It was observed that changes in the rate, or the cessation of root penetration were always preceded 4–9 days earlier by a change in the rate, or cessation, of leaf appearance. This feature should make it possible to characterize the duration of rooting of varieties through measurement of leaf emergence. Varieties which ceased leaf production early, such as Atlantic, were found to have a duration of root growth of c. 60 days, with Cara rooting for c. 30 days longer. Maximal total root length (TRL) and root length density (RLD) in the experiments reported were 16·9 km/m2 and 5·5 cm/cm3, respectively, similar to those found previously in potatoes and crops such as sugar beet, but considerably greater than many other vegetables. Rooting density decreased with depth, but the root systems were not as surface-oriented as many other studies have shown. When TRL was close to its maximum, the vertical distribution of RLD showed that between 40 and 73% was confined to the upper 30 cm, with irrigated crops possessing a greater proportion of their roots in the plough layer. Despite being planted in rows 70–91 cm apart, rooting systems were homogeneously distributed in a horizontal direction by c. 35 days after emergence, at which time the roots had reached a depth of c. 50 cm. Therefore, apart from a short period after emergence, the potato crop is capable of accessing considerable volumes of soil from which to extract water and nutrients. Ensuring that soil conditions are conducive to maximal rates of root growth should be the target for growers, since this will lead to a more efficient use of soil water and irrigation.

scholarly journals Fine-Root Responses of Populus tomentosa Forests to Stand Density

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijuan Bo ◽  
Chunyan Wen ◽  
Lianjun Song ◽  
Yatao Yue ◽  
Lishui Nie
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Populus Tomentosa ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Root Responses

Stand density directly affects the distribution of ecological factors such as light, heat, and water in forest communities and changes the diversity and structure of undergrowth species, thereby affecting soil health. Fine roots can provide water and nutrients to plants rapidly in the fierce competition of soil resources, so as to get rid of environmental factors. This study examined the fine-root responses of the Populus tomentosa clone S86 to three stand densities (plant × row spacing: 2 × 2 m, 4 × 3 m, 4 × 5 m). We measured the biomass, morphology, and nitrogen content of lower- (1–3 order) and higher-order (>3 order) fine roots, and analyzed soil chemical properties in 10–30 cm. The soil from the density (2 × 2 m) stands showed lower soil organic matter content, available nitrogen, available phosphorous, and available potassium than others. Obviously, lower and higher-order fine roots were different: biomass of the >3 order accounted for 77–87% of the total biomass, 1–3-order fine-root diameter around 0.28–0.38 mm, while >3-order fine root were 1.28–1.69 mm; the length of 1–3-order fine root was longer than the >3 order, and root length density, specific root length, and nutrient content between the 1–3 and >3 orders were different. At 2 × 2 m, 1–3-order fine-root biomass was the highest, 132.5 g/m3, and the 1–3-order fine-root length, diameter, surface, root length density was also the highest; at the same time, the 1–3-order fine-root total nitrogen and organic matter content was also the highest, while the >3 order was highest under 4 × 3 m or 4 × 5 m. The findings of this study show that stand density affected the available nutrient content of the soil. When soil resources were poor, the biomass, morphology, and chemical content of fine roots were adjusted to increase the nutrient absorption rate, particularly in the lower-order roots.

scholarly journals Perennial Ryegrass Allelopathic Potential on Bermudagrass Germination and Seedling Growth

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1872-1875
Author(s):  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Raymond K. McCauley ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
F. Wesley Totten ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Germination And Growth

Overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) aggressively competes with bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] for resources and may adversely affect spring transition by releasing allelochemicals into the environment. Growth chamber studies examined germination and growth of ‘Arizona Common’ bermudagrass in soil amended with 0%, 2%, 12%, or 23% perennial ryegrass root or shoot debris or in soil treated with irrigation water in which perennial ryegrass roots at 0, 5, 10, or 20 g·L−1 or shoots at 0, 10, or 20 g·L−1 had been soaked. Inhibitory effects on bermudagrass germination and growth were most extensive when soil was amended with ryegrass shoot debris, because germination, root ash weight, root length density, and root mass density were reduced 33%, 55%, 30%, and 52%, respectively. Soil amended with ryegrass root debris only inhibited bermudagrass-specific root length. Application of irrigation water containing either ryegrass root or shoot extracts only inhibited bermudagrass-specific root length. In conclusion, results obtained when soil was amended with shoot debris demonstrated perennial ryegrass can inhibit bermudagrass germination and growth in controlled environments.

Shoot and Root Responses to Water Deficits in Rainfed Lowland Rice

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cruz ◽  
JC O'Toole ◽  
M Dingkuhn ◽  
EB Yambao ◽  
M Thangaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Area Index

A field study was conducted to determine the response of the rice cultivar IR54 to a gradient of soil moisture conditions imposed for 19 days at the vegetative stage using a line source sprinkler system. A mild plant water stress at the vegetative growth stage decreased tiller number, leaf area index (LAI), apparent canopy photosynthetic rates, leaf nitrogen per unit land area, shoot and total root dry mass, and total root length density. After complete stress relief by reflooding, LAI and crop growth remained below that of unstressed plants. The lower cumulative assimilation per unit land area in the stressed treatments resulted in reduced shoot and root dry matter yields and lower grain yields. Water stress increased the ratio of shoot dry mass to root dry mass, and the ratio of leaf area to total root length. The decrease in root length was attributed to increased soil mechanical impedance.

scholarly journals Dwarfing Effect of Apple Rootstocks Is Intimately Associated with Low Number of Fine Roots

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haishan An ◽  
Feixiong Luo ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Xuefeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
The Impact

Fine root (≤2 mm in diameter) systems play a pivotal role in water and mineral uptake in higher plants. However, the impact of fine root architecture on tree growth and development is not fully understood, especially in apple trees. Here, we summarize a 6-year-trial study using minirhizotrons to investigate the relationships between fine root production, mortality, and longevity in ‘Red Fuji’ trees grafted on five different rootstocks/interstems. Based on root length density (RLD), fine root production and mortality were markedly lower in ‘Red Fuji’ trees growing on dwarfing M.9 (M.9) and Shao series no. 40 (SH.40) rootstocks than in trees on standard Malus robusta ‘Baleng Crab’ (BC) rootstock. The use of M.9 and SH.40 as interstems led to an extensive reduction in fine root production and mortality in comparison with BC rootstock. Root number density (RND), but not average root length (ARL), showed similar patterns to RLD. About one-half of fine roots in ‘Red Fuji’ tree growing on M.9 were scattered within the top 0–20 cm of topsoil, indicating shallow root system in M.9, whereas in trees on BC, 55.15% of fine roots were distributed between 100- and 150-cm soil depth, indicating a deep root architecture. The addition of interstems did not alter fine root soil-depth distribution. For all rootstocks/interstems, fine roots with a life span of less than 80 days were generated in spring and summer, but fine roots which lived for more than 81 days were produced almost all the year round. In conclusion, lower fine root numbers were associated with the dwarfing effect in dwarfing rootstocks/interstems, but ARL and shallower rooting were not.

scholarly journals Subsoiling and Planting Method on the Initial Growth of ‘Pera’ Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Thaís N. Meneses ◽  
Mauricio A. Coelho Filho ◽  
Hermes P. Santos Filho ◽  
Luana L. A. Santos ◽  
Abelmon S. Gesteira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Diameter Classes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative vigor and root architecture of &lsquo;Pera CNPMF D-6&rsquo; sweet orange grafted on Rangpur lime at early stage of development, submitted to different planting methods (planting of nursery trees produced in a protected environment-PNT and planting of seeds at the definitive place-PS) and soil preparation with and without subsoiling. The experiment was carried out at the Lagoa do Coco Farm, Rio Real, Bahia, Brazil. Biometric evaluations were performed to estimate the variables: canopy volume (CV), vegetative vigor index (VVI) and canopy cover rates in the planting row (CCR-R) and interrow (CCR-I). Root samples were also collected up to a depth of 1.45 m at five points in the planting row. The roots were digitized and processed to obtain total root length (TRL), root length density (RLD), average root diameter (RD) and root length for the diameter classes. Plants produced in protected environment exhibit greater shoot vegetative and root development compared to those produced by sowing at the definitive place, at least for the young orchard and under rainfed conditions. Subsoiling did not affect root system distribution and PNT favored the increase in TRL along the soil profile compared to PS, for all diameter classes evaluated, contributing to the increase in vegetative vigor observed in the plants. Regardless of the management practices adopted, roots were concentrated in the first 0.35 m of the vertical soil profile, due to physical impediment caused by the presence of cohesive horizons.

Estimating the mass density of fine roots of trees for minirhizotron-based estimates of productivity

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1708-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Y Bernier ◽  
Gilles Robitaille ◽  
Danny Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Species Mixture

Allocation of carbon for the production of fine roots is a significant component of the carbon budget within trees. Transformation of fine-root volumes or lengths as seen with minirhizotrons into fine-root mass per unit of horizontal area requires an estimate of the mass density or specific root length of fine roots for the species of interest. We obtained values of mass density of fine roots using three different sampling strategies on temperate and boreal forested sites. The strategies examined were (1) the use of bulk root samples from soil cores, (2) the use of individual roots from seedlings, and (3) the use of individual roots from soil cores. Our results show that the mass density of fine roots taken from seedlings is strongly dependent on root diameter, as shown by the strong drop in mass density with a decrease in diameter in all species examined. However, the dependency of mass density of individual fine roots extracted from soil cores on root diameter varies with the species mixture. Examination of thin cross-sections of roots using microscopy reveals that the proportion of xylem cell walls as a percentage of total cell walls also decreases strongly as root diameter diminishes for seedling fine roots, but that this relationship is not as clear in fine roots obtained from soil cores. We conclude that using the mass density from core fine roots may yield the best estimate of fine-root productivity when deriving such a value from the analysis of minirhizotron images. We also discuss some of the problems associated with the use of specific root length.

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