scholarly journals What Makes the Wood? Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Xylem Acclimation in Hardwoods to an Ever-Changing Environment

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Eckert ◽  
Shayla Sharmin ◽  
Aileen Kogel ◽  
Dade Yu ◽  
Lisa Kins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Sessile Organisms

Wood, also designated as secondary xylem, is the major structure that gives trees and other woody plants stability for upright growth and maintains the water supply from the roots to all other plant tissues. Over recent decades, our understanding of the cellular processes of wood formation (xylogenesis) has substantially increased. Plants as sessile organisms face a multitude of abiotic stresses, e.g., heat, drought, salinity and limiting nutrient availability that require them to adjust their wood structure to maintain stability and water conductivity. Because of global climate change, more drastic and sudden changes in temperature and longer periods without precipitation are expected to impact tree productivity in the near future. Thus, it is essential to understand the process of wood formation in trees under stress. Many traits, such as vessel frequency and size, fiber thickness and density change in response to different environmental stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how abiotic stress factors affect wood formation on the molecular level focussing on the genes that have been identified in these processes.

scholarly journals Challenges – the impact of climate change on the nutritional management of Hungarian orchards

2018 ◽  
pp. 323-334
Author(s):  
Péter Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
The Impact

The agricultural sector is increasingly exposed to both environmental and economic risks due to the phenomena of climate change and climate variability. Fruit growth and productivity are adversely affected by nature’s wrath in the form of various abiotic stress factors. Climate change and extreme climatic events are predicted to increase in intensity, frequency, and geographic extent as a consequence of global climate change. It is no doubt that frequency of unexpected climatic events and their growing rate result in an increasing amount of problems for fruit growers globally. Today, climate change impacts are the most serious problems for Hungarian fruit growers as well. It can be stated that the nutrient demand of fruit trees can be supplied only under even worse conditions. Therefore, it is so important to know and apply adaptation and mitigation strategies in horticulture to improve fruit quality and yield. In the last ten years, at the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management at University of Debrecen expanded studies have been made to prove the importance of groundcover management in horticultural applications. In this mini review paper, is presented, how the university's researches contributed to the expansion of knowledge of preservation of soil moisture and what advice we can provide for fruit growers to face the challenges of climate change.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-Based Comparative Proteomic Analysis Provides Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Qiang Wu ◽  
Jin-Long Wang ◽  
Rui-Jun Feng ◽  
Shan-Jia Li ◽  
Chun-Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Absolute Quantitation ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Isobaric Tags

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and crop yield worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms and screen the key proteins in response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to salt, in the present study, the proteomics of roots and shoots in three-week-old sugar beet plants exposed to 50 mM NaCl for 72 h was investigated by isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. The results showed that 105 and 30 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in roots and shoots of salt-treated plants compared with untreated plants, respectively. There were 46 proteins up-regulated and 59 proteins down-regulated in roots; and 13 up-regulated proteins and 17 down-regulated proteins found in shoots, respectively. These DEPs were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, transcription, translation, protein folding, sorting, and degradation as well as transport. It is worth emphasizing that some novel salt-responsive proteins were identified, such as PFK5, MDH, KAT2, ACAD10, CYP51, F3H, TAL, SRPR, ZOG, V-H+-ATPase, V-H+-PPase, PIPs, TIPs, and tubulin α-2/β-1 chain. qRT-PCR analysis showed that six of the selected proteins, including BvPIP1-4, BvVP and BvVAP in root and BvTAL, BvURO-D1, and BvZOG in shoot, displayed good correlation between the expression levels of protein and mRNA. These novel proteins provide a good starting point for further research into their functions using genetic or other approaches. These findings should significantly improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in salt tolerance of sugar beet plants.

Balancing salinity stress responses in halophytes and non-halophytes: a comparison between Thellungiella and Arabidopsis thaliana

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Bartels ◽  
Challabathula Dinakar
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that drastically reduces agricultural productivity. In natural environments salinity often occurs together with other stresses such as dehydration, light stress or high temperature. Plants cope with ionic stress, dehydration and osmotic stress caused by high salinity through a variety of mechanisms at different levels involving physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. Halophytic plants exist successfully in stressful saline environments, but most of the terrestrial plants including all crop plants are glycophytes with varying levels of salt tolerance. An array of physiological, structural and biochemical adaptations in halophytes make them suitable models to study the molecular mechanisms associated with salinity tolerance. Comparative analysis of plants that differ in their abilities to tolerate salinity will aid in better understanding the phenomenon of salinity tolerance. The halophyte Thellungiella salsuginea has been used as a model for studying plant salt tolerance. In this review, T. salsuginea and the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana are compared with regards to their biochemical, physiological and molecular responses to salinity. In addition recent developments are presented for improvement of salinity tolerance in glycophytic plants using genes from halophytes.

Effects of abiotic stress on anthocyanin accumulation and grain weight in purple wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolan Li ◽  
Xiang Lv ◽  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Liaohong Wang ◽  
Mingsheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Peg 6000 ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors

This study explored the effects of abiotic stress on anthocyanin accumulation and grain weight of purple wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Guizi 1). Plants were treated with five abiotic stress factors at different developmental periods of the grain, then mature grains were analysed for anthocyanin content and 1000-grain weight (TGW). Stresses included temperature (cold and heat), light (shading irradiance and continuous irradiance), drought (20 and 40mm PEG 6000), salinity (100 and 200mm NaCl), and wounding (four types). Of all treatments, 25% tended to increase both anthocyanin content and TGW, although only 5% reached a significant level, 27.5% decreased both, 40% increased anthocyanins but decreased TGW, and 7.5% increased TGW but decreased anthocyanins. Heat stress tended to increase anthocyanin content and decrease TGW, whereas cold stress increased anthocyanins only at 15 days post-anthesis (DPA) and decreased both traits at other times. Shading irradiance decreased anthocyanins but had little effect on TGW. Continuous irradiance increased anthocyanins and TGW at 35 DPA but decreased both at 10 DPA. The lower levels of drought (20mm PEG 6000) and salinity (100mm NaCl) stress tended to increase anthocyanins and decrease TGW; however, the effects of 40mm PEG 6000 and 200mm NaCl were different, and were period-dependent. The four types of wounds increased anthocyanins and TGW at 30 DPA, but their individual effects were different in the other four periods. The results quantified the effects of five abiotic stress factors on anthocyanin accumulation and grain weight, and provide the foundation for further study of defence-responsive molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress in purple wheat.

scholarly journals Stem Photosynthesis Affects Hydraulic Resilience in the Deciduous Populusalba but Not in the Evergreen Laurus nobilis

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2911
Author(s):  
Patrizia Trifilò ◽  
Sara Natale ◽  
Sara Gargiulo ◽  
Elisa Abate ◽  
Valentino Casolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
Stem Photosynthesis ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

Stem photosynthesis has been suggested to play relevant roles to cope with different biotic and abiotic stress factors, including drought. In the present study, we performed measurements of stem hydraulic conductance and non-structural carbohydrate content in the evergreen Laurus nobilis L. and the deciduous Populusalba L., subjected to inhibition of stem photosynthesis and successive exposure to a drought-recovery cycle in order to check if stem photosynthesis may be involved in allowing hydraulic recovery after drought stress relief. Stem shading affected the growth of L. nobilis but not of P. alba saplings. By contrast, inhibition of stem photosynthesis was coupled to inhibition of hydraulic recovery following embolism build-up under drought in P. alba but not in L. nobilis. The two study species showed a different content and behavior of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs). The differences in NSCs’ trend and embolism reversal ability led to a significant relationship between starch content and the corresponding hydraulic conductance values in L. nobilis but not in P. alba. Our findings suggest that stem photosynthesis plays a key role in the maintenance of hydraulic functioning during drought especially in the deciduous species. This, in turn, may increase their vulnerability under current global climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis in Homo- and Hetero-Grafted Cucurbit Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippos Bantis ◽  
George Tsiolas ◽  
Evangelia Mouchtaropoulou ◽  
Ioanna Tsompanoglou ◽  
Alexios N. Polidoros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Cytokinin Synthesis ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Transcriptome Level

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a valuable horticultural crop with nutritional benefits grown worldwide. It is almost exclusively cultivated as grafted scions onto interspecific squash rootstock (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) to improve the growth and yield and to address the problems of soilborne diseases and abiotic stress factors. This study aimed to examine the effect of grafting (homo- and hetero-grafting) on the transcriptome level of the seedlings. Therefore, we compared homo-grafted watermelon (WW) with non-grafted watermelon control (W), homo-grafted squash (SS) with non-grafted squash control (S), hetero-grafted watermelon onto squash (WS) with SS, and WS with WW. Different numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in each comparison. In total, 318 significant DEGs were detected between the transcriptomes of hetero-grafts and homo-grafts at 16 h after grafting. Overall, a significantly higher number of downregulated transcripts was detected among the DEGs. Only one gene showing increased expression related to the cytokinin synthesis was common in three out of four comparisons involving WS, SS, and S. The highest number of differentially expressed (DE) transcripts (433) was detected in the comparison between SS and S, followed by the 127 transcripts between WW and W. The study provides a description of the transcriptomic nature of homo- and hetero-grafted early responses, while the results provide a start point for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and candidate genes for the functional analyses of hetero-graft and homo-graft systems in Cucurbitaceae and generally in the plants.

GRAFTED TOMATOES – ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF SOIL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorin Sora ◽  
Mădălina Doltu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Chemical Disinfection

This study aimed to identification of an ecological alternative for the chemical disinfection of soil in the greenhouses from Romania. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in the world. The carbohydrate, vitamins, salts of important mineral elements and organic acids content of tomato fruits is very important. Tomato crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries, so fluctuation in climatic parameters at any phase of growth can affect the yield and the fruit quality. Grafting on Solanaceae is a method which has improved and spread quickly during the past years, a similar approach to crop rotation, a practice meant to increase productivity, resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and at increasing fruit quality. The research was conducted in a glass greenhouse of the Horting Institute, Bucharest, Romania. The biological material used was a Romanian tomato hybrid (Siriana F1), a Dutch tomato hybrid (Abellus F1) and four rootstocks, a Dutch tomato hybrid (Emperador F1) and three Romanian tomato cultivars (L542, L543 and L544) obtained from the Research and Development Station for Vegetable Growing, Buzău, Romania. The rootstocks have had resistance to biotic stress factors (soil diseases and pests) and the chemical disinfection of soil has was eliminated. The result of this research are presented in this paper.

Understanding Molecular Process and Chemotherapeutics for the Management of Breast Cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Masand ◽  
Vaishali M. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Molecular Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Molecular Etiology ◽  
Near Future

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common and highly heterogeneous neoplastic disease comprised of several subtypes with distinct molecular etiology and clinical behaviours. The mortality observed over the past few decades and the failure in eradicating the disease is due to the lack of specific etiology, molecular mechanisms involved in initiation and progression of breast cancer. Understanding of the molecular classes of breast cancer may also lead to new biological insights and eventually to better therapies. The promising therapeutic targets and novel anti-cancer approaches emerging from these molecular targets that could be applied clinically in the near future are being highlighted. In addition, this review discusses some of the details of current molecular classification and available chemotherapeutics

scholarly journals Role of Long Non-Coding RNA Polymorphisms in Cancer Chemotherapeutic Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Meng Gu ◽  
Zhongze Gu ◽  
Yan-Ru Lou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Response ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Personalized Oncology ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Genetic polymorphisms are defined as the presence of two or more different alleles in the same locus, with a frequency higher than 1% in the population. Since the discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which refer to a non-coding RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, their biological roles have been increasingly revealed in recent years. They regulate many cellular processes, from pluripotency to cancer. Interestingly, abnormal expression or dysfunction of lncRNAs is closely related to the occurrence of human diseases, including cancer and degenerative neurological diseases. Particularly, their polymorphisms have been found to be associated with altered drug response and/or drug toxicity in cancer treatment. However, molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, which are expected to be discovered by detailed studies of RNA–protein, RNA–DNA, and RNA–lipid interactions. In conclusion, lncRNAs polymorphisms may become biomarkers for predicting the response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Here we review and discuss how gene polymorphisms of lncRNAs affect cancer chemotherapeutic response. This knowledge may pave the way to personalized oncology treatments.

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