scholarly journals Larval Aggregation of Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Evidence of Horizontal Transfer of Avermectin

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang ◽  
Cai ◽  
Chen ◽  
Jin ◽  
Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Aquilaria Sinensis ◽  
Larval Survivorship ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Aggregation Tendency

Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is an economically important tree species that produce the highly prized agarwood. In recent years, agarwood production has been seriously threatened by the outbreak of Heortia vitessoides Moore, a leaf-eating pest that shows gregariousness during the larval stage. However, little attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of H. vitessoides larvae. In the present study, we collected 102 cohorts of H. vitessoides larvae (13,173 individuals in total) in the wild; 54 cohorts were comprised of the same-instar larvae, and 48 cohorts were comprised of larvae with different developmental stages (instars). In general, young larvae (<third instar) tended to form large aggregations, whereas older-instar larvae were either solitary or formed small aggregations. Laboratory studies showed a strong aggregation tendency in the newly hatched and second-instar larvae of H. vitessoides, whenever the individuals originated from the same or different sibling cohorts. In addition, all newly hatched larvae died within two days after they were isolated. When newly hatched larvae were initially assigned in 10-larvae cohorts (containing sibling individuals) or 20-larvae cohorts (either containing individuals originating from the same or different sibling cohorts), their larval survivorship, duration of larval stage, and adult emergence were not significantly different. Interestingly, combining avermectin-treated larvae (donors) with untreated ones (receptors) significantly decreased larval survivorship and adult emergence of receptors, indicating a horizontal transfer of avermectin among H. vitessoides larvae. This study enhances our understanding of the population ecology of H. vitessoides, and may bring novel insights into the management strategies against this pest.

scholarly journals Impact of conventional insecticides on two bollworms and their indirect effects on the ectoparasitoid, Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervat A. Kandil ◽  
Hemat Z. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Pectinophora Gossypiella ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

Abstract Background Cotton bollworms such as Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana are serious pests which destroy the cotton plant, and Bracon brevicornis is a parasitoid which attacked the larvae of bollworms. Results In this study, experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the toxicity of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos insecticides against newly hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana. Some biological aspects of compound effects on larval and pupal duration, percentage of mortality, and percentage of adult emergence which resulted from treated newly hatched larvae were studied. The results revealed that LC50 was 0.7 and 0.87 ppm when P. gossypiella was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively, while LC50 was 0.09 and 0.73 ppm when E. insulana was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The obtained results showed that the percentage of mean larval mortality was 65.0 and 63.0% for treated P. gossypiella, while it was 71.0 and 66.0% for treated E. insulana. The corresponding figure for pupal percentage mortality was 8.0 and 10.0% for treated P. gossypiella, but it was 5.0 and 2.0% for treated E. insulana, with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, and a prolongation effect in larval and pupal development (total immature stage) resulted from treated both bollworms as follows: 35.5 and 32.4 days for treated P. gossypiella compared with 21.9 days in control and 34.7 and 23.2 days for treated E. insulana compared with 23.1 days in control. The indirect effect of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos on the total immature stage of Bracon brevicornis was 18.2 and 19.5 days compared with 14.3 days in control when B. brevicornis parasitized on P. gossypiella larvae while it was 19.8 and 20.6 days compared with 15.2 days when B. brevicornis parasitized on E. insulana larvae. Conclusion The life cycle of B. brevicornis after parasitism on P. gossypiella and E. insulana larvae treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos were increased than the control larvae.

scholarly journals Biological activities of spores and metabolites of some fungal isolates on certain aspects of the spiny bollworms Earias insulana (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Mohammed Abd-ElAzeem ◽  
Warda Ahmed Zaki El-Medany ◽  
Hend Mohammed Sabry
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Dead Larva ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Protease Enzyme ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractBiological activities of spores and metabolites of some fungi isolated from dead larva of the spiny bollworms (SBW), Earias insulana (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), against the newly hatched larvae of the pest were carried out. Results showed that the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, Acremonium sp., and Paecilomyces variotii had affected the newly hatched larvae of (SBW). Acremonium sp. was the most potent one as it had the highest newly hatched larval mortality percentage (65 and 58.33%) for its spore suspension and metabolites, respectively, while the lowest one (41%) was for P. variotii metabolites. Also, spore suspensions of the all fungal isolates had the highest larval mortality than fungal metabolites. Studying the enzymatic activity showed that Acremonium sp. produced protease enzyme on media containing gelatin, which caused the highest larval mortality (72.22%).These isolates showed different effects on all stages of the pest and decreased pupal weight, adult emergence percentages, deposited eggs, and hatchability percentages than the control. Identification of Acremonium sp. EZ1 was confirmed using 18 s rRNA and its accession number MN25101.

BIOLOGY OF TACHINAEPHAGUS ZEALANDICUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOID OF SYNANTHROPIC DIPTERA

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Olton ◽  
E. F. Legner
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parasitoid Development

AbstractThe synonymy, distribution, host range, and life history of the gregarious larval–pupal parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, is discussed. Laboratory studies of its biology were conducted at 25° ± 2 °C using Musca domestica L. as host. Its developmental stages are described. Under laboratory conditions its life cycle lasted 23–27 days. Parasitoid development accelerated with higher average densities per host. Single standardized hosts produced 3–18 adult parasitoids. Mated females provided with hosts lived 50.4–67.2 h. The average length of the reproductive period and number of hosts parasitized were independent of host density; however, the average number of eggs deposited per host increased at lower host densities. Adult emergence displayed circadian rhythmicity independent of photoperiod over 3+ days.

scholarly journals Early ontogenesis of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823 (Cichlidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Korzelecka-Orkisz ◽  
Zuzanna Szalast ◽  
Dorota Pawlos ◽  
Izabella Smaruj ◽  
Adam Tañski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Egg Membrane ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Item Size ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

This study describes the egg membrane structures of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), morpho-physiological changes during angelfish embryogenesis from activation to hatching under optimal conditions (28°C; pH 6.8), the developing larvae and fry, the effect of alkaline pH on the early developmental stages of the species, the relationship between food item size and fry survival. Egg membranes (thin, transparent, 1.67-2.18 µm thick) are covered by a sticky substance. The amber-coloured angelfish eggs were oval in shape, with average diameters of 1.436 and 1.171 mm, i.e., a mean volume of 1.033 ± 0.095 mm³. The survival rate of embryos and larvae kept in water with an elevated, slightly alkaline pH was very low: as few as 2% of the embryos survived, while in the batch kept in optimal water conditions very few eggs died. The first larvae hatched after 1288 h of embryonic development. The newly hatched larvae measured on average 2.60 ± 0.093 mm and had large (0.64 ± 0.077 mm³) yolk sacs. They attached themselves to the substrate with a secretion of thin, viscous threads, which was released from glands situated on the top of the head. The glands vanished on day 5. The 1-day-old larvae showed the first pigment cells on the body and the eyes of the 2-day-olds were already fully pigmented. Between day 4 and 5 of larval life, the larvae began feeding on live food. The 23-day-old fry looked like a miniature versions of the adults. Mortality of the angelfish larvae during their first days after hatching was higher in those fed brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii than those fed protozoans and rotifers.

scholarly journals Fitness Costs of the Glutathione S-Transferase Epsilon 2 (L119F-GSTe2) Mediated Metabolic Resistance to Insecticides in the Major African Malaria Vector Anopheles Funestus

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magellan Tchouakui ◽  
Jacob M. Riveron ◽  
Doumani Djonabaye ◽  
Williams Tchapga ◽  
Helen Irving ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Heterozygote Advantage ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Life Traits

Metabolic resistance to insecticides threatens malaria control. However, little is known about its fitness cost in field populations of malaria vectors, thus limiting the design of suitable resistance management strategies. Here, we assessed the association between the glutathione S-transferase GSTe2-mediated metabolic resistance and life-traits of natural populations of Anopheles funestus. A total of 1200 indoor resting blood-fed female An. funestus (F0) were collected in Mibellon, Cameroon (2016/2017), and allowed to lay eggs individually. Genotyping of F1 mosquitoes for the L119F-GSTE2 mutation revealed that L/L119-homozygote susceptible (SS) mosquitoes significantly laid more eggs than heterozygotes L119F-RS (odds ratio (OR) = 2.06; p < 0.0001) and homozygote resistant 119F/F-RR (OR = 2.93; p < 0.0001). L/L119-SS susceptible mosquitoes also showed the higher ability for oviposition than 119F/F-RR resistant (OR = 2.68; p = 0.0002) indicating a reduced fecundity in resistant mosquitoes. Furthermore, L119F-RS larvae developed faster (nine days) than L119F-RR and L119F-SS (11 days) (X2 = 11.052; degree of freedom (df) = 4; p = 0.02) suggesting a heterozygote advantage effect for larval development. Interestingly, L/L119-SS developed faster than 119F/F-RR (OR = 5.3; p < 0.0001) revealing an increased developmental time in resistant mosquitoes. However, genotyping and sequencing revealed that L119F-RR mosquitoes exhibited a higher adult longevity compared to RS (OR > 2.2; p < 0.05) and SS (OR > 2.1; p < 0.05) with an increased frequency of GSTe2-resistant haplotypes in mosquitoes of D30 after adult emergence. Additionally, comparison of the expression of GSTe2 revealed a significantly increased expression from D1-D30 after emergence of adults (Anova test (F) = 8; df= 3; p = 0.008). The negative association between GSTe2 and some life traits of An. funestus could facilitate new resistance management strategies. However, the increased longevity of GSTe2-resistant mosquitoes suggests that an increase in resistance could exacerbate malaria transmission.

scholarly journals Translation initiation in Drosophila melanogaster is reduced by mutations upstream of the AUG initiator codon.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2149-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Feng ◽  
L E Gunter ◽  
E L Organ ◽  
D R Cavener
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Fold Reduction

The importance to in vivo translation of sequences immediately upstream of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) start codon was examined at two developmental stages. Mutations were introduced into the Adh gene in vitro, and the mutant gene was inserted into the genome via germ line transformation. An A-to-T substitution at the -3 position did not affect relative translation rates of the ADH protein at the second-instar larval stage but resulted in a 2.4-fold drop in translation of ADH at the adult stage. A second mutant gene, containing five mutations in the region -1 to -9, was designed to completely block translation initiation. However, transformant lines bearing these mutations still exhibit detectable ADH, albeit at substantially reduced levels. The average fold reduction at the second-instar larval stage was 5.9, while at the adult stage a 12.5-fold reduction was observed.

Phenology of the sugar beet weevil, Bothynoderes punctiventris Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Croatia

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-527
Author(s):  
Z. Drmić ◽  
M. Čačija ◽  
H. Virić Gašparić ◽  
D. Lemić ◽  
R. Bažok
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Development Threshold

AbstractThe sugar beet weevil (SBW), Bothynoderes punctiventris Germar, 1824, is a significant pest in most of Eastern Europe. Here, the SBW is described and its seasonal activity characterized, in terms of its different developmental stages in relation to Julian days (JDs), degree-day accumulations (DDAs), and precipitation, as a key to improving monitoring and forecasting of the pest. The phenology and population characteristics of SBW were investigated in sugar beet fields in eastern Croatia over a 4-year period (2012–2015). By using the degree-day model (lower development threshold of 5°C, no upper development threshold, biofix 1 January), the first emergence of overwintering adults was determined as becoming established when the DDA reached 20. The adult emergence was completed when the DDA reached 428. SBW males emerged first, following which the females dominated the adult population. Overwintering adults were present in the field until early July. In August, adults of the offspring generation began to appear. The eggs laid by the overwintering generation required, on average, 10–15 days to develop into larvae; however, eggs were found in soil samples over a period of 102 days (between JDs 112 and 214). Larvae were present in the soil samples over a period of a maximum of 143 days (the first larvae were established on JD 122 and the last one on JD 265), and pupae were established in the soil over a period of 102 days (between JDs 143 and 245). This study provides important data for understanding SBW population dynamics and developing potential population dynamic models for pest forecasting on a regional scale.

scholarly journals Biocidal Activities of Seed Oils of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on Development of African Maize Stalk borer, Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepdoptera: Pyralidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
H. Sule
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Stalk Borer ◽  
Randomized Design

Laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, in order to assess the effect of oils obtained from the seeds of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on African Maize Stalk Borer (Busseola fusca Fuller). The effects of the plant seed oils on larvae mortality, pupae and adult emergence were tested on freshly cut leaves/stem of maize 3-4 cm long) and treated with the prepared plant oils at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30%) and control (0%). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. The results showed that both plant seeds oils were lethal to the developmental stages of B. fusca, causing mortality (21%) to the larvae, and subsequently preventing and/or suppressing pupae (2.08) and adult emergence (1.95). Treatment at 30% concentration was found to be more lethal to all the developmental stages of the test insect. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that any of the plant seed oils at 30 % concentration could be used to manage B. fusca.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of Terpenes Extracts of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Seed to control Larval Stage of Callosobruchus maculates (Coleoptera:Bruchidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Fourth Larval Instar ◽  
Cowpea Seed

The current study has beenconduced to evaluate the effect of extracted crude terpens at the concentrations of 6,8% of seeds of Eucalyptuscamaldulensison the 4th larval instar oftheCallosobruchusmaculates and the percentage of the cowpea seed germination.The Results showed that the terpens extract of the concentration of 8% increases the mortality rate of the fourth larval instar and it reach to 63.3%, and then decrease of to 26.6,20% at concentration of 6%and forcontrol treatment respectively The percentage of adult emergence reduces to 0% at the concentration of 8% compared with control treatment in which it reach to 66.6%. The extraction atbothconcentrations 6,8% does not affect the germination rate

scholarly journals STUDY ON SURVIVABILITY OF NEWLY HATCHED LARVAE OF TWO SPECIES OF PEPPERMINT SHRIMP FED WITH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS AND DENSITIES OF LIVE FOODS

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Indra Pratama ◽  
Hatim Albasri
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Peppermint Shrimp ◽  
Trial Treatment ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Average Survival Rate

This study was aimed to evaluate different types and combinations of live foods in relation to the survivability of newly hatched Lysmata vittata and Lysmata intermedia larvae. The experiment consisted of three trials (different species, combinations, and densities of live foods) arranged in a completely randomized design. The first and second trials were subjected to L. vittata with three treatments for each trial (1A, 1B, 1C for trial-1; 1D, 1E, 1F for trial-2). The third trial consisted of two treatments (2A and 2B) tested on L. intermedia. Each treatment had three replicates. The results showed that the survival rates were low in all treatments. However, each treatment showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on the average survival rate of L. vittata and L. intermedia larvae. In the first trial, treatment 1C was the only one that had survived larvae after day 35 with 4.44% of final average survival rate (FASR). Four of the larvae reached the post-larval stage. In the second trial, treatment 1F showed a better condition than the other treatments with 5.56% FASR. Nevertheless, no larvae in the second trial had transformed to post-larval stage before the experiment ended at day 46. In the third trial, no larvae survived to reach the post-larval stage. In spite of this, treatment 2B had better daily average survival rate (DASR) than treatment 2A. This research concludes that the use of copepods as live food at an early larval stage and Artemia at a later stage is relatively more effective to improve the survival rate of peppermint shrimp larvae.

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