scholarly journals Timing is Not Everything: Assessing the Efficacy of Pre- Versus Post-Harvest Herbicide Applications in Mitigating the Burgeoning Birch Phenomenon in Regenerating Hardwood Stands

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro A. Royo ◽  
Cornelia C. Pinchot ◽  
John S. Stanovick ◽  
Susan L. Stout
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Sequence Effects ◽  
Seedling Community

Sweet birch (Betula lenta L.) is aggressively recruiting in temperate forest understories of the eastern United States and often dominates the post-disturbance seedling community, diminishing diversity and hindering sustainable silviculture. The type and timing of silvicultural actions affect birch recruitment via their effects on seedling recruitment, survival, and growth. Here, we examine birch regeneration under two contrasting treatment sequences: pre- versus post-shelterwood harvest herbicide application (H–S vs. S–H) in combination with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) browsing (fenced vs. unfenced) at 22 sites in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA. Additionally, we examine how treatments interact with additional site factors, including potential propagule sources and site productivity (i.e., integrated moisture index). We found the S–H sequence initially reduced birch density by 71% relative to the H–S sequence; however, the magnitude of this reduction waned over five growing seasons. Furthermore, birch proliferated following the H–S sequence only where mature birch were present. Deer browsing reduced birch height by 29% relative to fenced areas protected from browsing; however, by the fifth growing season birch seedlings were over twice as tall as other hardwood species across all treatments. Finally, increasingly mesic sites enhanced birch height growth. In sum, although post-harvest herbicide (S–H) provides short-lived control over birch, land managers should also consider browse pressure, seed source, and site productivity, as these may enhance or diminish the efficacy of post-shelterwood herbicide sequence effects on birch.

scholarly journals Environmental Drivers and Age Trends in Site Productivity for Oak in Southern Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Luiza Tymińska-Czabańska ◽  
Jarosław Socha ◽  
Marek Maj ◽  
Dominika Cywicka ◽  
Xo Viet Hoang Duong
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Si Model

Site productivity provides critical information for forest management practices and is a fundamental measure in forestry. It is determined using site index (SI) models, which are developed using two primary groups of methods, namely, phytocentric (plant-based) or geocentric (earth-based). Geocentric methods allow for direct site growth modelling, in which the SI is predicted using multiple environmental indicators. However, changes in non-static site factors—particularly nitrogen deposition and rising CO2 concentration—lead to an increase in site productivity, which may be visible as an age trend in the SI. In this study, we developed a geocentric SI model for oak. For the development of the SI model, we used data from 150 sample plots, representing a wide range of local topographic and site conditions. A generalized additive model was used to model site productivity. We found that the oak SI depended predominantly on physicochemical soil properties—mainly nitrogen, carbon, sand, and clay content. Additionally, the oak SI value was found to be slightly shaped by the topography, especially by altitude above sea level, and topographic position. We also detected a significant relationship between the SI and the age of oak stands, indicating the long-term increasing site productivity for oak, most likely caused by nitrogen deposition and changes in climatic conditions. The developed geocentric site productivity model for oak explained 77.2% of the SI variation.

A Multipoint Felled-Tree Validation of Height–Age Modeled Growth Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halli Hemingway ◽  
Mark Kimsey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Forest Management Planning ◽  
Breast Height

Abstract Accurate measures of forest site productivity are essential for forest-management planning. The most common measure of site productivity is breast height–age site index (BHASI)—the expected height at a reference age. Error from including early growth in productivity estimates and limited applicability of any one BHASI model warrant development of alternative methods. Exploring alternatives may only be necessary if regional BHASI models are not accurately predicting growth rates. We compared modeled height growth rates for Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) to felled-tree measurements to evaluate relative performance of a regional BHASI model. An orthogonal sampling design ensured samples were collected across a range of site factors known to influence Douglas-fir growth rates. Growth rates for each 10 m section were calculated and compared to BHASI modeled growth rates. The regional BHASI model underpredicted growth rates from breast height to 30 m. Observed growth rates from 10 to 30 m accounted for the majority of underprediction relative to BHASI modeled growth rates. An alternative multipoint method of defining site productivity is described. More research comparing BHASI and alternative methods is needed, given the growth rate error associated with one-point site productivity assessment.

scholarly journals Productivity and seedling recruitment of naturalised annual clovers versus sown clovers Trifolium repens and Trifolium subterraneum

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
T.M.R. Maxwell ◽  
J.L. Moir ◽  
G.R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Pasture Legume

Abstract Naturalised annual clover (NAC) species (suckling clover, cluster clover, striated clover, and haresfoot clover) are commonly present to locally abundant in summer dry hill and high country areas where white and subterranean (sub) clover abundance is limited. This field trial investigated NAC species dry matter production and seedling regeneration compared to white and sub clover. Autumn seedling recruitment was measured in response to low (75 kg/ha) or high (200 kg/ ha) superphosphate (SP) application. Over two growing seasons, NAC species contributed >90% to pasture legume content while white and sub clover contributed

scholarly journals Performance of Broccoli Cultivars in Spring and Fall Evaluations in Pennsylvania

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-876
Author(s):  
Elsa Sánchez ◽  
Thomas Butzler ◽  
Lee Stivers ◽  
Robert Pollock ◽  
Timothy Elkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Head Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
A Site

Recent hypothetical modeling suggests that increasing commercial broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) acreage in the eastern United States has the potential to notably reduce the costs of transportation within the broccoli supply chain. In this region, increasing broccoli acreage will require production improvements. Here, research was conducted to determine the best yielding commercially available cultivars for broccoli production. Eighteen to 19 cultivars of broccoli were evaluated in spring and fall evaluations using diverse production systems during 2014–15 in three locations across Pennsylvania. Data collected included production, yield, and quality attributes. Most interactions between site, year, and cultivar were significant suggesting that environmental conditions influence broccoli yield, quality, and concentration of harvest. Overall, the cultivars evaluated were not different from, Imperial, the standard used, for marketable yield, head diameter, and concentration of harvest within a site year. Blue Wind was consistently the first cultivar harvested, and Avenger and Emerald Jewel the last overall site years and growing seasons. These three cultivars may be good options for extending the growing season.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Abstract Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884B-884
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris* ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. `Olympic Wedding'. In experiment one, 7.6-L (2-gal.) and 19-L (5-gal.) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, Va., USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early Fall 2000 and in late Spring 2001. 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In experiment two, 19-L (5-gal.) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early Fall 2000 and late Spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

Tree grade, log grade and lumber grade yield data for 25 hardwood species from the eastern United States and Alaska

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederica Wood ◽  
Janice K. Wiedenbeck ◽  
Daniel A. Yaussy ◽  
Deborah A. Conner ◽  
Elizabeth S. Porterfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Grade Yield ◽  
Lumber Grade

Post-harvest seedling recruitment following mountain pine beetle infestation of Colorado lodgepole pine stands: a comparison using historic survey records

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2452-2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron J. Collins ◽  
Charles C. Rhoades ◽  
Jeffery Underhill ◽  
Robert M. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

The extent and severity of overstory lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) mortality from mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) has created management concerns associated with forest regeneration, wildfire risk, human safety, and scenic, wildlife, and watershed resources in western North America. Owing to the unprecedented nature of the outbreak and associated management in the southern Rocky Mountains, it is unknown if the forests that regenerate after this current period of extensive change will differ from those that regenerated in the past. Here, we compare the density and species composition of post-harvest seedling recruits in pre-outbreak (1980–1996) and outbreak stands (2002–2007). Lodgepole pine accounted for more than 95% of post-harvest seedling recruitment and the density of seedlings colonizing clearcuts was equal during both the pre-outbreak and outbreak periods. Compared with harvested areas, the density of tree regeneration was 75% lower in uncut forests and was more evenly distributed among subalpine fir ( Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) and lodgepole pine. This comparison provides evidence that the density of seedling recruitment will be at least as high after extensive pine beetle caused mortality as under healthy, pre-outbreak conditions and that the species composition of stands regenerating after this outbreak will differ between treated and untreated areas.

scholarly journals Variable stocking yield functions for the boreal mixedwood in Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh ◽  
Yonghe Wang
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Index Site ◽  
Yield Functions ◽  
Site Index Model

A measure of utilized site productivity, "basal area index" was recently developed and used to construct variable stocking yield functions and tables for the boreal mixedwood of northcentral Ontario. Data from 197 permanent sample plots supplied by the James River/Marathon Paper Company Ltd. were used. The resulting yield equations compare favourably with previous ones and are more appropriate for the boreal mixedwood. In addition, the basal area index employed has several advantages: 1) it serves as a valid measure of utilized site productivity which is better correlated with the main stand attributes than site index; 2) it produces variable stocking yield tables suitable for uneven-aged mixed species cover types; 3) unlike the site index, the basal area index may be estimated quickly, easily and inexpensively. The basic improvement in mixedwood yield estimation via basal area index should have broad applications for other stand types particularly for the disturbed hardwoods of southern Ontario and those in eastern United States. Key words: Basal area index, site index model, numerical method

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