scholarly journals Drought Impact on Leaf Phenology and Spring Frost Susceptibility in a Quercus robur L. Provenance Trial

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivica Čehulić ◽  
Krunoslav Sever ◽  
Ida Katičić Bogdan ◽  
Anamarija Jazbec ◽  
Željko Škvorc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
The Third ◽  
Autumn Leaf ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
The Impact

Research highlights: The susceptibility of oaks to late spring and early autumn frosts is directly related to their leaf phenology. Drought may alter the leaf phenology and therefore frost tolerance of oaks. However, the effects of drought on oak leaf phenology and frost resistance have not been thoroughly studied. Background and objectives: One of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the frequency of dry episodes during the vegetation period. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is an economically and ecologically important forest tree species that prefers humid habitats. Therefore, knowledge of the impact of drought on this species is of great importance for the adaptation of forestry strategies and practices to altered environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of drought on leaf phenology and spring frost susceptibility in nine provenances. Materials and methods: One-year-old saplings originating from nine European provenances were used in the trial. The saplings were exposed to experimental drought and then re-watered in two subsequent years. Spring and autumn leaf phenology were scored. The trial was impacted by a late spring frost in the third year, and the resulting leaf frost injury was scored. The effects of drought treatment on the phenology and frost susceptibility of plants from the provenances were analysed. Results: Leaf phenology of plants from most of the studied provenances was significantly influenced by the drought treatment (p < 0.001). Drought induced a carry-over effect on flushing phenology, which was observed as delayed bud burst (from 0.6 to 2.4 days) in the second year and as advanced bud burst (from 0.1 to 6.3 days) in the third year. Therefore, opposite shifts in flushing phenology may be induced as a result of differences in the time span when plants sense water deficits. In contrast to flushing, autumn leaf phenology was unambiguously delayed following the drought treatments for all studied provenances (from 2.1 to 25.8 days). Differences in late frost susceptibility were predominantly caused by among-provenance differences in flushing phenology. However, the drought treatment significantly increased frost susceptibility in the plants (the rate of frost-injured plants per provenance increased from 3% to 78%). This higher susceptibility to spring frost was most likely caused by the advanced flushing phenology that resulted from the drought treatment in the previous year.

Genetic variation at early ages for several traits of interest for timber-production breeding of Juglans regia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Díaz ◽  
J Fernández-López
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Late Spring Frost

Several traits of common walnut (Juglans regia L.) were assessed during the first three growing seasons in a progeny test of 43 open-pollinated families at two sites in northwestern Spain. Variance components, heritabilities and correlations between traits were calculated for all characteristics measured. Significant differences were found among families with regard to growth, phenology, frost damage, number of apical branches, and Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands damage, but not for growth-habit traits (number of branches, stem form, and apical dominance). Heritabilities were moderate for total height (h2i ≥ 0.32; h2f ≥ 0.63) and late-spring frost damage (h2i = 0.29; h2f = 0.57), high for resistance to P. cinnamomi (h2i = 0.76; h2f = 0.85), and low for phenology (h2i = 0.15; h2f = 0.39 for bud burst, and h2i = 0.14–0.36; h2f= 0.44–0.70 for leaf fall) and root-collar diameter (h2i = 0.18–0.29; h2f = 0.41–0.58). High age–age correlations were found for growth and phenology traits during the first three growing seasons. Some interesting correlations were also found between several of the traits studied. The families whose buds burst the earliest had more late-spring frost damage and, consequently, more apical branches (i.e., branches near the apical bud). Furthermore, the greater the resistance to P. cinnamomi and frost damage, the taller the families.

scholarly journals Does Drought Stress on Seedlings Have Longer Term Effects on Sapling Phenology, Reshooting, Growth and Plant Architecture in Quercus robur, Q. petraea and Their Morphological Intermediates?

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
Arion Turcsan ◽  
Stefaan Moreels ◽  
Michiel Van Goethem ◽  
Steven Meeus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Effects Of Drought

Background and Objectives: Summer droughts are expected to increase in central and western Europe both in terms of frequency and intensity, justifying studies on longer term legacies of drought stress on tree species and their hybrids. Materials and Methods: We studied the longer-term after effects of water withholding and re-watering in the first growing season of potted seedlings from the sympatric species Quercus robur L., Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and their morphological intermediates. Phenology, growth, and plant architecture were examined after a cut-back of the stems at the end of the third growing season. Results: The legacy of the first-year water limitation is faded in the phenological response. Nonetheless, leaf senescence occurred later in offspring from Q. robur than in offspring from Q. petraea at the end of the fourth growing season and leafing out tended to be later in the subsequent growing season. Offspring from the intermediate forms displayed variable phenological responses. Height and radial growth were still affected by the drought stress in a taxon-dependent way, with the offspring from Q. petraea displaying growth reduction both in height and diameter, whereas offspring from Q. robur did not show any differences anymore between control and treated plants, demonstrating better post-stress recovery in Q. robur. Offspring from morphological intermediates responded again in a variable way. Although the number of reshoots after cutting back the stems was not affected anymore by the drought treatment in the first growing season, the number of side shoots on the reshoots was still reduced in the drought treated group of plants, independent of the taxon of the mother tree. Conclusions: Together, our results demonstrate the longer-lasting effects of drought stress on oak saplings with regard to growth and plant architecture, with the first being taxon dependent.

Shifts in the frequency of sequentially occurring late-spring frost and drought impact the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in European beech

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Meyer ◽  
Anja Rammig ◽  
Allan Buras ◽  
Christian S. Zang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Carbon Sinks ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Late Spring Frost ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;In the past, terrestrial ecosystems have largely functioned as carbon sinks, capturing nearly 30% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (Le Qu&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; et al. 2009). Forest ecosystems, which cover roughly 30% of the land surface, play a fundamental role in maintaining this sink by storing nearly half of all terrestrial carbon (Pan et al. 2011; Bonan 2008). Over large parts of Europe, these forest ecosystems are dominated by European beech. Consequently, the reaction of beech to climate extremes is central to the ability of European forests to act as carbon sinks. Disconcertingly, the projected &amp;#8211; and indeed already observed &amp;#8211; increase in frequency and severity of drought across Europe threatens to shift forest ecosystems from carbon sinks to carbon sources (Ciais et al. 2005). Concurrently, the incidence of late-spring frost events in Europe is on the rise. While these events are considerably more localized and do not result in the same widespread reduction of ecosystem productivity as droughts, the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of affected trees forces the mobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) to ensure tree survival. We analyze high-resolution historical (E-OBS 0.1&amp;#176;) and projected (EURO-CORDEX RCP 2.6 &amp; RCP 8.5 0.11&amp;#176;) climate data to identify localized changes in the frequency of sequentially occurring drought and late-spring frost events across Europe. Subsequently, we use a modified version of the standalone NSC-model SUGAR (Jones et al. 2020) to ascertain the effect of sequentially occurring climate extremes on the carbon reserves of European beech forests. Here, we identify differences in the impact of isolated extremes (either frost or drought) and sequential extremes (frost followed by drought and vice versa) on the regulation of the NSC pool. Through the integration of SUGAR with the LPJ-GUESS DGVM (Smith et al. 2014; Sitch et al. 2003) we further quantify the effect of sequentially occurring climate extremes on the productivity of beech forest ecosystems in central Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Meteorological considerations of grapevine damage due to temperature variations: the 2019 late spring frost and summer heat wave events in Burgundy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Planchon ◽  
Olivier Cantat ◽  
Benjamin Bois ◽  
François Beauvais ◽  
Catinca Gavrilescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Late Spring Frost ◽  
Cold Snap ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;Meteorological considerations of grapevine damage due to temperature variations:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;he 2019 late spring frost and summer heat wave events &lt;/span&gt;in Burgundy &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During 2019, &lt;span&gt;the occurrence of two contrasting weather events, a cold snap and a heat wave, caused extensive damage to the vineyards&lt;/span&gt; of Northern Burgundy. &lt;span&gt;The late spring cold snap, that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;occurred&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; from May 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; to 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, generated frost like conditions across the northern and north-western areas of the C&amp;#244;te-d'Or department.&lt;/span&gt; The weather stations of the Northern Auxois area, where the three observation and study sites are located, recorded minimum temperatures &lt;span&gt;ranging &lt;/span&gt;between -1 and -2&amp;#176;C. &lt;span&gt;On the 24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; and the 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; of July vineyards were exposed, yet again, to an extreme temperature variation.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;A brief but unusually intense heat wave increased daily maximum temperatures up to 42&amp;#176;C in the department&amp;#8217;s far north. Landforms such as plateaus were less exposed to the increase in temperatures due the limiting effect of higher elevations. This led to temperatures not exceeding 40&amp;#176;C above 300 m, elevation at which the vineyard sites of this study are located.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Weather conditions that caused the early May frost event were related to a northern circulation &lt;span&gt;present &lt;/span&gt;over Western Europe &lt;span&gt;that persisted &lt;/span&gt;from &lt;span&gt;the 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; of April &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; the 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; of May&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span&gt;The strong anticyclonic ridge stretching from Greenland to the Iberian Peninsula directed an air mass of arctic origin towards France.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;On July 24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; and 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, the presence of a surface high pressure system above Scandinavia, associated with a low-pressure center located near the Atlantic Ocean, generated an influx of a very hot air mass from the northern part of the African continent through France and neighbouring countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The local impact of these two weather events was modulated by the topographical features specific to the study area: a limestone plateau strongly dissected by parallel valleys &lt;span&gt;of S.E. / N.W. orientations&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span&gt;The three observation sites have similar soil characteristics and are located on south facing slopes.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;However, damage to vegetation was uneven across sites as well as within each site.&lt;/span&gt; These observations rise up the question of the influence of very fine-scale environmental conditions &lt;span&gt;and the impact they might have on the different vegetative growth stages.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Lastly, the variation in physiological response among grapevines and its effect on their sensitivity to the occurrence of different weather hazards is also to be considered.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Did the late spring frost in 2007 and 2011 affect tree-ring width and earlywood vessel size in Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in northern Poland?

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Puchałka ◽  
Marcin Koprowski ◽  
Julia Przybylak ◽  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Henryk P. Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Tree Ring Width ◽  
Vessel Size ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Late Spring Frost ◽  
Earlywood Vessel

Social and political dimension of stigmatization: The development of Natasha and Maria images for immigrants in Istanbul

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Bayram Unal
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Law ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact

This study aims at understanding how the perceptions about migrants have been created and transferred into daily life as a stigmatization by means of public perception, media and state law implementations.  The focus would be briefly what kind of consequences these perceptions and stigmatization might lead. First section will examine the background of migration to Turkey briefly and make a summary of migration towards Turkey by 90s. Second section will briefly evaluate the preferential legal framework, which constitutes the base for official discourse differentiating the migrants and implementations of security forces that can be described as discriminatory. The third section deals with the impact of perceptions influential in both formation and reproduction of inclusive and exclusive practices towards migrant women. Additionally, impact of public perception in classifying the migrants and migratory processes would be dealt in this section.

The impact of maternal obesity on fetal adiposity in the third trimester

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. Fa25-Fa25
Author(s):  
N. Farah ◽  
M. Kennelly ◽  
V. Donnelly ◽  
B. Stuart ◽  
M. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact

Law and Economics

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-102
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

This chapter analyzes how law and economics influences private law and how (new) private law is influencing law and economics. It focuses on three generation or “waves” within law and economics and how they approach private law. In the first generation, many scholars took the law as a starting point and attempted to use economic insights to explain, justify, or reform legal doctrines, institutions, and structures. In the second generation, the “law” at times became secondary, with more focus on theory and less focus on doctrines, institutions, and structures. But this generation also relied increasingly on empirical analysis. In the third generation, which includes scholars in the New Private Law (NPL), there has been a resurgence of interest in the law and legal institutions. To be sure, NPL scholars analyze the law using various approaches, with some more and some less predisposed to economic analysis. However, economic analysis will continue to be a major force on private law, including the New Private Law, for the foreseeable future. The chapter considers three foundational private law areas: property, contracts, and torts. For each area, it discusses the major ideas that economic analysis has contributed to private law, and surveys contributions of the NPL. The chapter also looks at the impact of law and economics on advanced private law areas, such as business associations, trusts and estates, and intellectual property.

Of numbers, narratives and challenges: Data as evidence in 21st century policy-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1055
Author(s):  
Gaby Umbach
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Use ◽  
The Third ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Science Advice ◽  
Governance Tools ◽  
The Impact

This article1 offers reflections on the use of data as evidence in 21st century policy-making. It discusses the concept of evidence-informed policy-making (EIPM) as well as the governance and knowledge effects of data as evidence. With this focus, it interlinks the analysis of statistics and politics. The paper first introduces the concept of EIPM and the impact of evidence use. Here it focusses on science and knowledge as resources in policy-making, on the institutionalisation of science advice and on the translation of information and knowledge into evidence. The second part of the article reflects on data as evidence. This part concentrates on abstract and concrete functions of data as governance tools in policy-making, on data as a robust form of evidence and on the effects of data on knowledge and governance. The third part highlights challenges for data as evidence in policy-making, among them, politicisation, transparency, and diversity as well as objectivity and contestation. Finally, the last part draws conclusions on the production and use of data as evidence in EIPM. Throughout the second part of the reflections, reference is made to Walter Radermacher’s 2019 matrix of actors and activities related to data, facts, and policy published in this journal.

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