scholarly journals Pine Stands as Bioindicators: Justification for Air Toxicity Monitoring in an Industrial Metropolis

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Polyakova ◽  
Natalia Pashenova ◽  
Vera Senashova ◽  
Natalia Podolyak ◽  
Nadezhda Kudryasheva
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Industrial Pollutants ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Toxicity Monitoring ◽  
Mycelial Extract ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Damage Inventory

Five permanent sample plots (SPs; 200–250 trees per plot) were established in middle-aged high-grade suburban pine stands near the industrial city of Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, Russia. Needle damage, inventory parameters of the stands, and the defense response of the stem phloem were evaluated annually for the years 2002–2019 and attributed to acute or chronic toxic exposures (creeping fire or industrial pollutants, respectively). The results form a basis for using trees as bioindicators. A newly elaborated stem lesion test was formed from a hypothesis on the upward sugar transport for the regeneration of an injured crown, based on Eschrich’s model of bidirectional sugar transport in the phloem. The formation of a phloem lesion was induced by inoculation of the stem with a mycelial extract of the ophiostomatoid fungus Ceratocystis laricicola. The lesion length and its shift relative to the inoculation hole were measured. An increase in the length of needles at early stages of stand weakening by pollutants was found to correspond to the hormesis model (Selye’s adaptation syndrome). A possibility of assessing the chronology of pollutant toxicity and the duration of the recovery period after creeping fire was shown.

scholarly journals Model of mixed effects of height dependence on tree diameters in pine stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Н. Дубенок ◽  
В.В. Кузьмичев ◽  
А.В. Лебедев
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
The Relationship

Основными исходными данными для определения запаса служат результаты обмеров диаметров и высот деревьев. Но обмеры диаметров деревьев на высоте груди выполнить намного проще, чем обмеры высот, поэтому ограничиваются замерами высот 15–25 деревьев. Цель исследования – по материалам измерения модельных деревьев в сосновых древостоях выбрать наиболее адекватную простую модель, которая передает зависимость между высотой деревьев и диаметром на высоте груди. Объектом исследования послужили сосновые древостои искусственного происхождения на постоянных пробных площадях в Лесной опытной даче Российского государственного агарного университета – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева. В работе используются данные обмеров деревьев на 17 постоянных пробных площадях с 1934 по 2005 гг. Возраст древостоев на момент проведения измерений от 50 до 125 лет. По итогам проведения 77 перечетов массив данных составил 1157 наблюдений. И модель фиксированных эффектов, и модель смешанных эффектов адекватно описали зависимость между высотами и диаметрами деревьев в культурах сосны. Но, как и ожидалось, первая модель имеет худшие значения метрик качества по сравнению со второй. Модель со смешанными эффектами более точно предсказывает значения высот по сравнению с моделью фиксированных эффектов. Недостающие значения высот большого количества деревьев на участке можно вычислить более точно с помощью модели смешанных эффектов, а не применения модели фиксированных эффектов или использования только фиксированной части (средний отклик) модели смешанных эффектов. Применение разработанной модели должно ограничиваться только в тех условиях, к которым относятся экспериментальные материалы The main data for the stock of research results is the diameter of measurements and heights of trees. But measurements of the diameter at breast height are much easier to perform than measurements of heights, therefore, they are limited to measuring the heights of 15–25 trees. The aim of the study is to select the most adequate simple model based on the measurements of model trees in pine antiquities, which conveys the relationship between the height of trees and the diameter at breast height. The object of the study was pine stands of artificial origin on permanent test plots in the Forest Experimental Station Russian State Agararian University – Moscow Timiriazev Agricultural Academy. The work uses data from tree measurements on 17 permanent sample plots from 1934 to 2005. The age of the stands at the time of measurements was from 50 to 125 years. As a result of 77 enumerations, the data array amounted to 1157 observations. Both the fixed effects model and the mixed effects model adequately describe the relationship between heights and diameters of trees in pine stumps. But, as expected, the first model has worse quality metrics than the second. The mixed effects model more accurately predicts heights from the fixed effects model. The missing heights of a large number of trees on a site can be calculated accurately using mixed effects models, rather than using fixed effects models or using only a fixed portion (mean response) of the mixed effects model. The application of the developed model should be limited only in those conditions to which the experimental materials are applied.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of lodgepole pine stands disturbed by mountain pine beetle in the Lower Foothills of Alberta

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
W. Richard Dempster ◽  
Sharon Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Stands

Changes in the structure and dynamics of lodgepole pine stands following the 2006 outbreak of mountain pine beetle in western Alberta were investigated by monitoring attacked permanent sample plots over the following decade and projecting future stand development with locally validated growth models. Results suggest that a wide range in growth and yield of attacked stands is likely, with projected impacts varying from minor and inconsequential modifications to full stand replacement. Severely disturbed stands are unlikely to naturally regenerate to pine. The degree to which timber production is naturally restored in such stands will depend to a large extent on the amount and composition of non-pine advance growth and regeneration. Variation in attack severity and tree species composition will, in the absence of clearcutting following disturbance, result in increased diversity in stand and forest structure. Recommendations are made for scheduling salvage and restoration operations to ameliorate losses in timber supply.

Stem Diseases of Lodgepole Pine in the British Columbia Interior Following Juvenile Spacing

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. van der Kamp ◽  
M. Spence
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Original Number ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
And Control

The incidence of western gall rust, stalactiform and comandra blister rust, and atropellis canker was measured in four sets of permanent sample plots in young lodgepole pine stands in the interior of British Columbia in 1980 shortly following operational juvenile spacing and again in 1985. The incidence of these diseases in 1980 was often higher in the spaced areas than in unspaced controls indicating that comandra rust infections occurred with equal frequency in spaced and control areas while the increase in the incidence of stalactiform rust was much greater in thinned than in unthinned control areas. The pattern for atropellis canker was not clear. The proportion of trees with one or more infections by these diseases in 1980, and the number of infections per diseased tree, increased significantly with diameter in both thinned and control areas. By 1985 only 60.8 percent of the original number of trees in the thinned areas and 74.8 percent in unthinned control areas remained free of stem infections or threatening branch infections by these diseases.

scholarly journals Growth and structure of pre-mature mixed stands of Scots pine created by direct seeding in the boreal zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Aleksey Ilintsev ◽  
Darya Soldatova ◽  
Alexander Bogdanov ◽  
Sergey Koptev ◽  
Sergey Tretyakov
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Normal Distribution Curve ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Northern European Russia

The purpose of the research is to analyse the successful creation of an artificial pine forest by seeding and develop recommendations for the guaranteed reproduction of pine stands in Northern European Russia. In recent decades, there has been a steady decline in the share of pine stands and their replacement with low-value and low-yielding tree species. We surveyed 12 permanent sample plots that were laid out in various variants of forest crops. The taxation parameters were obtained by a standard analysis of the experimental data. The evaluation parameters of the stands vary within the following limits: the average diameter of the pine trees varied from 21.9 to 30.9 cm; the total basal area of the pine varied from 19.1 to 38.8 m2∙ha–1; the average height of the pine varied from 20.1 to 26.8 m; the number of growing trees varied from 754 to 1 952 ha–1; the pines varied from 382 to 762 ha–1; the growing stocks of stands varied from 416 to 608 m3∙ha–1. The distribution of pine trees by thickness steps showed that all the studied samples were close to the normal distribution curve. The results of the correlation and multidimensional analyses showed that the creation method of the forest crops had a significant impact on the value of the taxation parameters. It was found that the best options for growing pure pine stands that can be recommended for practical production are plots with a large share of soil cultivation and the size of the seedbed.

Modelling canopy fuel dynamics of maritime pine stands in north-west Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Daría Ruiz-González ◽  
Fernando Castedo-Dorado ◽  
José Antonio Vega ◽  
Enrique Jiménez ◽  
José María Fernández-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
State Variables ◽  
North West ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Transition Functions ◽  
Pine Stands

Effective silvicultural strategies for reducing the likelihood and severity of crown fires include increasing canopy base height (CBH) and reducing canopy bulk density (CBD). These variables depend to a certain degree on stand structure and are therefore responsive to stand density management through thinning. In this study, data from permanent sample plots and thinning trials were used to model the dynamics of canopy fuel variables in maritime pine stands in north-western Spain. On the basis of the state–space modelling approach, the canopy fuel conditions at any point in time were assumed to be adequately defined by three state variables: number of stems per hectare (N), canopy fuel load (CFL) and CBH. These variables were projected by simultaneous fitting of three transition functions, which explained more than 77, 96 and 97% of the observed variability in N, CFL and CBH. The effect of thinning was modelled by including a thinning response function. Once the state variables were determined for a given point in time, CBD was derived from CFL, CBH and average stand height, thus ensuring compatibility between estimates. The system of equations developed, together with fire management decision support systems, will enable assessment of the crown fire potential associated with different silvicultural alternatives.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE DYNAMICS OF POST-PYROGENIC COWBERRY PINE STANDS OF THE NORTHERN CIS-URAL (KOMI REPUBLIC)

ÈKOBIOTEH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-633
Author(s):  
I.N. Kutyavin ◽  
◽  
A.V. Manov ◽  
A.V. Dymov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Pinus Sibirica ◽  
Picea Obovata ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Prolonged Absence

Observations results of the development of cowberry pine stands on Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve territory using the method of permanent sample plots are presented. It was established that pine stands, despite the active replenishment of their species composition with young coniferous trees, have a relatively stable supply of stem wood. It is noted that with a prolonged absence of fires, an active replenishment of the forest stand with new generations of Pinus sylvestris, Picea obovata and Pinus sibirica trees of different ages. It revealed that grassroots weak fires contribute jump regeneration of Picea obovata and Pinus sibirica that are gradually introduced into the pine stands.

First clinical experience with the Multi-LOC multiple stent delivery system for focal stenting in long femoro-popliteal lesions

VASA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 452-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Amendt ◽  
Ulrich Beschorner ◽  
Matthias Waliszewski ◽  
Martin Sigl ◽  
Ralf Langhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Target Lesion ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Delivery Device ◽  
Clinical Assessments ◽  
Balloon Catheters ◽  
Considerable Length

Abstract. Background: The purpose of this observational study is to report the six-month clinical outcomes with a new multiple stent delivery system in patients with femoro-popliteal lesions. Patients and methods: The LOCOMOTIVE study is an observational multicentre study with a primary endpoint target lesion revascularization (TLR) rate at six months. Femoro-popliteal lesions were prepared with uncoated and/or paclitaxel-coated peripheral balloon catheters. When flow limiting dissections, elastic recoil or recoil due to calcification required stenting, up to six short stents per delivery device, each 13 mm in length, were implanted. Sonographic follow-ups and clinical assessments were scheduled at six months. Results: For this first analysis, a total of 75 patients 72.9 ± 9.2 years of age were enrolled. The majority of the 176 individually treated lesions were in the superficial femoral artery (76.2 %, 134/176) whereas the rate of TASC C/D amounted to 51.1 % (90/176). The total lesion length was 14.5 ± 9.0 cm with reference vessel diameters of 5.6 ± 0.7 mm. Overall 47 ± 18 % of lesion lengths could be saved from stenting. At six months, the patency was 90.7 % (68/75) and all-cause TLR rates were 5.3 % (4/75) in the overall cohort. Conclusions: The first clinical experience at six months suggests that the MSDS strategy was safe and effective to treat femoro-popliteal lesions of considerable length (14.5 ± 9.0 cm). Almost half of the lesion length could be saved from stenting while patency was high and TLR rates were acceptably low.

The Effect of Exercise and Distraction on Blood Pressure Recovery Following an Anger-Provoking Stressor in Normotensive Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye S. Routledge ◽  
Judith A. McFetridge-Durdle ◽  
Marilyn Macdonald ◽  
Lynn Breau ◽  
Tavis Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
State Anger ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anger Reactivity ◽  
Quiet Sitting

Ruminating about a prior anger provoking event is found to elevate blood pressure (BP) and delay BP recovery. Delayed BP recovery may be associated with increased risk of hypertension. Interventions that improve BP recovery may be beneficial for cardiovascular health. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of rumination and anger on BP reactivity and recovery, to compare the effect of an exercise intervention or distraction intervention on BP recovery and to explore if exercise improved BP recovery by distracting participants from stressor-related rumination and anger. Healthy, normotensive participants (n = 79, mean age 22.2 ± 4.0 years) underwent an anger-recall interview stressor task, 3 min of exercise (walking), distraction (reading) or no-intervention (quiet sitting) and a 15 min recovery period. State anger reactivity was associated with Δ diastolic (D) BP reactivity and approached significance with Δ systolic (S) BP reactivity. Trait rumination was associated with greater SBP during recovery. Δ SBP recovery did not differ between the exercise, distraction and no-intervention groups. Although there were no differences in Δ DBP recovery between the exercise and no-intervention groups, distraction improved Δ DBP recovery compared to the exercise intervention but not the no-intervention. The proportion of anger-related thoughts (state rumination) in the exercise group did not differ from the distraction or no-intervention groups. However, a smaller proportion of participants in the distraction intervention reported an anger-related thought during recovery compared to the no-intervention group with 76% of their thoughts relating to the provided distraction. Overall, post-stressor exercise was not found to improve BP recovery while reading was effective at distracting individuals from angry thoughts (state rumination) but had no effect on BP compared to no-intervention.

RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FIBROSIS AND CONNEXIN CHANGES TOTHE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SUBSTRATE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND REVERSAL OF CONGESTIVEHEART FAILURE

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Brett Burstein ◽  
Kunihiro Nishida ◽  
Philippe Comtois ◽  
Louis Villenuve ◽  
Yung-Hsin Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Muscle Bundle ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Conduction Disturbances ◽  
Conduction Abnormalities ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

Background: Connexin alterations occur in various atrial fibrillation (AF) paradigms, but their functional significance remains unclear. No data are available regarding the effects of CHF on atrial connexin expression and phosphorylation. We therefore analyzed connexin changes and their contribution to the AF substrate during the development and reversal ofCHF. Methods and Results: Dogs were allocated to three groups: CHF induced by 2-week ventricular tachypacing (CHF, n=15); CHF dogs allowed to recover for 4 weeks after 2-week tachypacing (REC, n=15) and non-paced shams (CTL, n=11). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased with CHF (14.5±1.0*** vs.3.7±0.7, ***P < 0.001 vs. CTL) and normalized upon CHF recovery (5.1±1.0^†††, ^††† P < 0.001 vs. CHF). Real-time PCR and Western-blot analyses revealed connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin40 (Cx40) mRNA and protein expression to be unchanged by CHF and REC. However, CHF caused Cx43 dephosphorylation(by ~73%***) and increased Cx40/Cx43 protein ratio (by ~35%***), with both alterations completely reversing in REC. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy confirmed connexin protein trends, with a reduction in phosphorylated Cx43 (by ~68%*** in CHF) that returned to control in REC. CHF caused conduction abnormalities (phasedelay-range and heterogeneity index, both P < 0.01) and burst pacing-induced AF prolongation (CTL 22±7s, CHF 1100±171s***, REC 884±220s***) which persisted in the recovery period, along with residual fibrosis (CTL 3.6±0.7%, CHF 14.7±1.5%***, REC13.3±2.3%***). Fibrosis physically interrupted muscle bundle continuity and anionically-based action potential model of canine atrium showed that fibrosiswas able to account for the observed conduction abnormalities. Conclusions: CHF causes connexin-dephosphorylation and Cx40/Cx43ratio increases. With CHF reversal, atrial connexin alterations recover completely, but tissue fibrosis, conduction abnormalities and a substrate forAF remain with fibrosis accounting for conduction abnormalities. Thus, althougha trial connexin changes occur with CHF, they are not essential for conduction disturbances and AF promotion, which appear rather to be related primarily tofibrotic interruption of muscle-bundle continuity.

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