scholarly journals Experimental Procedure for Fifth Generation (5G) Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Measurement and Maximum Power Extrapolation for Human Exposure Assessment

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Franci ◽  
Stefano Coltellacci ◽  
Enrico Grillo ◽  
Settimio Pavoncello ◽  
Tommaso Aureli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Spatial Multiplexing ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment

The fifth generation (5G) technology has been conceived to cover multiple usage scenarios from enhanced mobile broadband to ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) to massive machine type communications. However, the implementation of this new technology is causing increasing concern over the possible impact on health and safety arising from exposure to electromagnetic field radiated by 5G systems, making imperative the development of accurate electromagnetic field (EMF) measurement techniques and protocols. Measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with EMF exposure limits are object to international regulation. The basic principle of the assessment is to measure the power received from a constant radio frequency source, typically a pilot signal, and to apply a proper extrapolation factor. This kind of approach is standardized for 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies, but is still under investigation for 5G technology. Indeed, the use of flexible numerologies and advanced Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and spatial multiplexing techniques, such as beam sweeping and Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), requires the definition of new procedures and protocols for EMF measurement of 5G signals. In this paper a procedure for an accurate estimation of the instant maximum power received from a 5G source is proposed. The extrapolation technique is based on the introduction of proper factors that take into account the effect of the TDD and of the sweep beam in the measured value of the 5G signal level. Preliminary experimental investigation, based on code domain measurement of appropriate broadcast channels, and carried out in a controlled environment are reported, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Duplexing and Beamforming Techniques in Field Measurements of 5G Signals

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Franci ◽  
Stefano Coltellacci ◽  
Enrico Grillo ◽  
Settimio Pavoncello ◽  
Tommaso Aureli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The fifth generation mobile network introduces dramatic improvements with respect to the previous technologies. Features such as variable numerology, bandwidth parts, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) will extend the capabilities of the 5G wireless systems and, at the same time, will influence the measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with general public electromagnetic field exposure limits. In this study, a heterogeneous set of 5G signals is investigated with the aim of establishing an effective measurement technique suitable for the new technology. Following an experimental approach based on both modulation and zero span analysis, some important characteristics of the 5G system are highlighted and extensively discussed, and experimental procedures for estimating factors associated to TDD (F T D C factor) and beam sweeping (R factor), to be used in the extrapolation formulas, are presented. The results of this study represent a starting point for future investigations on effective methods to estimate both the instant maximum power and the total power transmitted during a 5G radio frame.

scholarly journals A Modelling and Validation Approach for Predicting Particle Concentrations of Airborne Dust during the Filling Process of Cylindrical Silos

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1794
Author(s):  
Luke Stone ◽  
Stefan Zigan ◽  
Lahiru L. Lulbadda Waduge ◽  
David B. Hastie
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Discrete Element Modelling ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Filling Process ◽  
Airborne Dust ◽  
Process Simulations ◽  
Quality Of Products

Traditionally, when undertaking feasibility studies for designing new storage facilities such as storage silos, engineers will extract design information from experiments and evaluate potential risks associated with health and safety, suitability design for reliable material flow, and quality of products. The simulation approach applied incorporates Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and Discrete Element Modelling (DEM) approaches and experimental tests will be used for validating these simulation results. One important aspect related to handling fine and dusty materials (particles smaller than 100 microns) is the associated risk of dust explosions, which needs to be evaluated before the commissioning of storage silos; to evaluate the accumulation of fines during the silo filling process, simulations and experiments were conducted. Alumina and salt were used here as reference materials for calibration and the validation purposes. The validation efforts are significant due to the fact that the data that is accessible in simulations is vastly different to the accessible data in experiments, which is restricted by measurement techniques and equipment. Such restrictions are observed in the evaluation of particle concentrations in a large confined volume. A new methodology has been developed to evaluate concentrations in both simulations and experiments by employing a non-dimensional factor [k], here called “Concentration Rank Factor” (CRF). A significant finding of this research is that experiments and simulations can be compared using CRF. It has been found to be within 2% of the experiment averaged value of 0.64.

Developing low-cost methane gas concentration measuring device

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Md. Mahidy Hossain ◽  
Nadim Khandaker
Keyword(s):  
Promising Result ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Methane Generation ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Wide Range

In every aspect of Engineering more advanced, efficient and progressive solutions are required. The modern age of science requires innovative minds. The field of environmental engineering is also advancing with modern science and technology innovations. Measuring of methane concentration and flow rate is nothing new, yet a complicated process. The need for more accurate measurement is a necessity in proper operation of bio digesters for methane generation. The traditional process of the measuring methane content in biogas is time consuming yet complicated. The need for development and application of methane measurement techniques is not only limited to biogas but has other monitoring value as well in other health and safety applications in built environments. Winsen Electronics and Hanwei Electronics are two of the leading sensor-manufactures of China who are providing a wide range of gas detecting sensors that are locally available in Bangladesh and yet has not been applied to methane content measurement in biogas operations. In This paper we are reporting on the application of a purpose-built propane, butane detector for methane gas detection within the range of accuracy for it to be applied in methane detection in a biogas stream. This paper, reports on application and calibration of the methane detecting sensor MQ-4 with promising result. Based on the study we postulate that the sensor can be used to detect methane for an on-line monitoring of many environmental, industrial purposes such as bio digesters, integrated waste management facility. The cost of fabrication of the sensor system is only $18 making it a viable sensor with respect to cost for application in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Co-Channel Coexistence Analysis between 5G IoT System and Fixed-Satellite Service at 40 GHz

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Meng ◽  
Liyuan Zhong ◽  
Dong Zhou ◽  
Dacheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Propagation Characteristics ◽  
Earth Station ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Satellite Service

It is a promising way to successfully operate the fifth generation (5G) system with Internet of Things (IoT) in potential mmWave spectrum bands. This paper investigates the intelligent co-channel coexistence between the 5G IoT system and the fixed-satellite service (FSS) system at 40 GHz. The key issue, as identified, is the accurate estimation of interference based on mmWave propagation characteristics. Our simulation results reveal that interference from the 5G IoT system into the FSS ground stations can be kept below the protection threshold by considering different deployment parameters, such as antenna patterns, height of Earth station (ES), and separation distance.

Performance of OQAM/GFDM in Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Simon Wissam Tarbouche ◽  
Abdel-Nasser Assimi
Keyword(s):  
Interference Cancellation ◽  
Pulse Shaping ◽  
Matched Filter ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Mimo System ◽  
Spatial Multiplexing ◽  
Frequency Division ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Additional Processing ◽  
Simulation Results

Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is a prominent candidate to be used by the mobile Fifth Generation (5G) physical layer. Nevertheless, the integration of GFDM with Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO system is essential to fulfill the data rate requirements. SM detection of MIMO-GFDM becomes a more challenging topic because of ICI and ISI due to the non-orthogonal nature of GFDM, along with IAI. In this article, the authors propose a system that combines the Offset-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM) with GFDM to mitigate self-induced interference, by using a simple Matched Filter (MF) detector and minimum additional processing at the receiver. Simulation results show a considerable achieved improvement in BER by the proposed OQAM/GFDM compared to QAM/GFDM when using MMSE-based Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation (OSIC) detector. Furthermore, this system is unaffected by the roll-off factor variations of used pulse-shaping filters.

scholarly journals Capacity Improvement for DVB-NGH with Dual-Polarized MIMO Spatial Multiplexing and Hybrid Beamforming

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Huu Trung Nguyen ◽  
Trung Tan Le ◽  
Trung Hien Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Spatial Multiplexing ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Signal Interference ◽  
Single Antenna ◽  
Hybrid Beamforming ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Dual Polarized

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme is an effective technique for future terrestrial broadcasting systems such as digital video broadcasting-next-generation handheld (DVB-NGH) to overcome the limits on information theory of traditional single-antenna wireless communications without any additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. In this paper, we propose a hybrid beamforming scheme for dual-polarized MIMO spatial multiplexing DVB-NGH broadcasting systems. The system of interest makes use of phase shifters and amplitude attenuators for the digital-analog precoder at beamforming stage of the transmitter end to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio to increase the channel capacity of the DVB-NGH systems. At the receiver end, the maximum likelihood (ML) detector is used to evaluate the system performance. We consider the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) and the achievable average capacity for the DVB-NGH MIMO with various FFT sizes, number of transmit antennas, and different modulation schemes. The performance results on bit error rate, channel capacity, and beampatterns show that the proposed hybrid beamforming and dual-polarized MIMO spatial multiplexing schemes provide more robustness against signal interference by beamforming and/or nulling techniques. The simulation results also show that the proposed system achieves higher capacity than the existing MIMO schemes for the DVB-NGH systems.

scholarly journals Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Kuehn ◽  
Serge Pfeifer ◽  
Niels Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
5G Mobile Networks

In this study, the total electromagnetic dose, i.e., the combined dose from fixed antennas and mobile devices, was estimated for a number of hypothetical network topologies for implementation in Switzerland to support the deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems while maintaining exposure guidelines for public safety. In this study, we consider frequency range 1 (FR1) and various user scenarios. The estimated dose in hypothetical 5G networks was extrapolated from measurements in one of the Swiss 4G networks and by means of Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the peak dose is always dominated by an individual’s mobile phone and, in the case of non-users, by the bystanders’ mobile phones. The reduction in cell size and the separation of indoor and outdoor coverage can substantially reduce the total dose by >10 dB. The introduction of higher frequencies in 5G mobile networks, e.g., 3.6 GHz, reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the entire brain by an average of −8 dB, while the SAR in the superficial tissues of the brain remains locally constant, i.e., within ±3 dB. Data from real networks with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) were not available; the effect of adaptive beam-forming antennas on the dose will need to be quantitatively revisited when 5G networks are fully established.

scholarly journals Conflicts of Interest and Misleading Statements in Official Reports about the Health Consequences of Radiofrequency Radiation and Some New Measurements of Exposure Levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Pockett
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Western World ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Radiofrequency Radiation ◽  
Tissue Heating ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
The Military

Official reports to governments throughout the Western world attempt to allay public concern about the increasing inescapability of the microwaves (also known as radiofrequency radiation or RF) emitted by “smart” technologies, by repeating the dogma that the only proven biological effect of RF is acute tissue heating, and assuring us that the levels of radiation to which the public are exposed are significantly less than those needed to cause acute tissue heating. The present paper first shows the origin of this “thermal-only” dogma in the military paranoia of the 1950s. It then reveals how financial conflict of interest and intentionally misleading statements have been powerful factors in preserving that dogma in the face of now overwhelming evidence that it is false, using one 2018 report to ministers of the New Zealand government as an example. Lastly, some new pilot measurements of ambient RF power densities in Auckland city are reported and compared with levels reported in other cities, various international exposure limits, and levels shown scientifically to cause biological harm. It is concluded that politicians in the Western world should stop accepting soothing reports from individuals with blatant conflicts of interest and start taking the health and safety of their communities seriously.

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