scholarly journals Image Analysis to Monitor Experimental Trampling and Vegetation Recovery in Icelandic Plant Communities

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micael C. Runnström ◽  
Rannveig Ólafsdóttir ◽  
Jan Blanke ◽  
Bastian Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Recovery ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification ◽  
Recreational Impacts ◽  
The Status ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

With growing tourism in natural areas, monitoring recreational impacts is becoming increasingly important. This paper aims to evaluate how different trampling intensities affect some common Icelandic plant communities by using digital photographs to analyze and quantify vegetation in experimental plots and to monitor vegetation recovery rates over a consecutive three-year period. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate the use of image analysis for monitoring recreational impact in natural areas. Experimental trampling was conducted in two different sites representing the lowlands and the highlands in 2014, and the experimental plots were revisited in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The results show that moss has the highest sensitivity to trampling, and furthermore has a slow recovery rate. Moss-heaths in the highlands also show higher sensitivity and slower recovery rates than moss-heaths in the lowlands, and grasslands show the highest resistance to trampling. Both methods tested, i.e., Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), showed significant correlation with the trampling impact. Using image analysis to quantify the status and define limits of use will likely be a valuable and vital element in managing recreational areas. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will add a robust way to collect photographic data that can be processed into vegetation parameters to monitor recreational impacts in natural areas.

Vegetation ecology with anthropic drivers and consequences

2021 ◽  
pp. 030913332199937
Author(s):  
George P Malanson ◽  
Michelle L Talal ◽  
Elizabeth R Pansing ◽  
Scott B Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fire Ecology ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Community Classification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Plant Community Classification ◽  
Anthropogenic Drivers

Current research on vegetation makes a difference in people’s lives. Plant community classification is a backbone of land management, plant communities are changing in response to anthropogenic drivers, and the processes of change have impacts on ecosystem services. In the following progress report, we summarize the status of classification and recent research on vegetation responses to pollution, especially nitrogen deposition, invasive species, climate change, and land use and direct exploitation. Two areas with human feedbacks are underscored: fire ecology and urban ecology. Prominent questions at the current research frontier are highlighted with attention to new perspectives.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of Segetal Weed Communities when Chlorsulfuron-Based Weed Control is Being Used on Continuous Winter Wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Pawlonka ◽  
Katarzyna Rymuza ◽  
Krzysztof Starczewski ◽  
Antoni Bombik
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Segetal Communities

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and weed community biodiversity in continuous wheat. A six-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of four chlorsulfuron rates in comparison with untreated (the control) plots, on the status and severity of weed infestation - in successive study years of cultivating winter wheat in monoculture. In addition, the following indices were calculated: Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s index of biodiversity, and Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 36 weedy species were identified in the experimental plots. The richest segetal communities were established in the control plots. An application of herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocensosis. A short-term monoculture did not impoverish the species richness of the weed community established in winter wheat. The average number of species in the community was significantly greater in the second study year. In the initial study years of monoculture, the biodiversity of the segetal community increased markedly compared with rotation-based cultivation. The calculated indices of biodiversity were not significantly affected by herbicide rate or monoculture but the indices confirmed the trends outlined by an analysis of the status and level of weed infestation.

Pastoral Carers in the Hospital Context

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Barletta ◽  
Michael Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Training

Pastoral care in hospitals has developed considerably since the middle of last century, when it was almost the exclusive domain of the ordained minister, who typically made sacramental visits along with some theologically considered words of comfort. With the beginning of this century, professionally trained lay pastoral carers now at least balance the numbers of visiting clergy, if not exceed their presence. The emerging research appears to support the efforts of these pastoral carers, in their diverse roles and functions, as they increase patient recovery rates. Yet despite the apparent positive impact they make in the clinical setting, many continue to struggle to gain the status, identity and visibility they desire within the hospital structure. The article provides an overview of the current situation relative to pastoral care, and argues that quality research, consultancy, and training are imperative if it is to thrive and be considered an integral part of health care system.

scholarly journals Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) in leaf, root, stem, and soil in four wetland plants communities in Shengjin Lake, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagne Tafa Dibar ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Suqiang Yuan ◽  
Jinyu Zhang ◽  
Zhongze Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Redundancy Analysis ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
The Status ◽  
Soil Stoichiometry ◽  
Depth Ranges ◽  
Potential Determinant

AbstractEcological stoichiometric should be incorporated into management and nutrient impacted ecosystems dynamic to understand the status of ecosystems and ecological interaction. The present study focused on ecological stoichiometric characteristics of different macrophyte plants soil, leave, stem and root after the removal of seine fishing since 2000 from Shengjin Lake. For C, N and P analysis from leaves, stems, roots and soil to explore their stoichiometric ratio and deriving environmental forces here four dominant plant communities (Zizania caduciflora, Vallisineria natans, Trapa quadrispinosa and Carex schmidtii) were collected. C, N, P and C: N: P ratio in leafs, stems, roots and soil among the plant communities vary and the studied plant communities had significant effect on the measured variables. There was high C: N in C.schmidtii soil (7.08±1.504) but not vary significantly (P >0.05), and N: P ratio measured high in V. natans (13.7±4.05) and C: P in T.quadrispinosa soil (81.14±43.88) and showed significant variation (P<0.05) respectively. High leaf C: N and N: P ratio was measured in C. schmidtii and V. natans respectively. Nevertheless, high leaf C: P ratio was measured in Z.caduciflora. From the three studied organs leafs C: N, N: P ratio showed high values compared to root and stems. The correlation analysis result showed that, at 0-10cm depth ranges SOC correlated negatively with stem total phosphorus (STP), and RTN (P<0.05) but positively strongly with LTP and LTN (P<0.01) respectively. Soil total nitrogen at 0-10cm strongly positively correlated with LTP (P<0.01) and positively with RN: P and LTC (P<0.05). Soil basic properties such as SMC.BD and pH positively correlated with soil ecological stoichiometric characteristics. Redundancy analysis (RDA) result showed pH and available phosphorus were the potential determinant of soil stoichiometry.

scholarly journals OBJECT-BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR HISTORIC MAPS CLASSIFICATION

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W14 ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Zatelli ◽  
S. Gobbi ◽  
C. Tattoni ◽  
N. La Porta ◽  
M. Ciolli
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification ◽  
Grass Gis ◽  
Object Based Image Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Object Based

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Heritage maps represent fundamental information for the study of the evolution of a region, especially in terms of landscape and ecologic features. Historical maps present two kinds of hurdle before they can be used in a modern GIS: they must be geometrically corrected to correspond to the datum in use and they must be classified to exploit the information they contain. This study deals the latter problem: the Historical Cadaster Map, created between 1851 and 1861, for the Trentino region in the North of Italy is available as a collection of maps in the ETRS89/UTM 32N datum. The map is a high resolution scan (230 DPI, 24 bit) of the original map and has been used in several ecological studies, since it provides detailed information not only about land property but also about land use. In the past the cadaster map has been manually digitized and for each area a set of attributes has been recorded. Since this approach is time consuming and prone to errors, automatic and semi-automatic procedures have been tested. Traditional image classification techniques, such as maximum likelihood classification, supervised or un-supervised, pixelwise and contextual, do not provide satisfactory results for many reasons: map colors are very variable within the same area, symbols and characters are used to identify cadaster parcels and locations, lines, drawn by hand on the original map, have variable thickness and colors. The availability of FOSS tools for the Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) has made possible the application of this technique to the cadaster map. This paper describes the use of GRASS GIS and R for the implementation of the OBIA approach for the supervised classification of the historic cadaster map. It describes the determination of the optimal segments, the choice of their attributes and relevant statistics, and their classification. The result has been evaluated with respect to a manually digitized map using Cohens Kappa and the analysis of the confusion matrix. The result of the OBIA classification has also been compared to the classification of the same map using maximum likelihood classification, un-supervised and supervised, both pixelwise and contextual. The OBIA approach has provided very satisfactory results with the ability to automatically remove the background and symbols and characters, creating a ready to be used classified map. This study highlights the effectiveness of the OBIA processing chain available in the FOSS4G ecosystem, and in particular the added value of the interoperability between GRASS GIS and R.</p>

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Monitoring of Plant Structural Parameters and Chlorophyll Distribution

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Itakura ◽  
Itchoku Kamakura ◽  
Fumiki Hosoi
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
The Status

Image analysis is widely used for accurate and efficient plant monitoring. Plants have complex three-dimensional (3D) structures; hence, 3D image acquisition and analysis is useful for determining the status of plants. Here, 3D images of plants were reconstructed using a photogrammetric approach, called “structure from motion”. Chlorophyll content is an important parameter that determines the status of plants. Chlorophyll content was estimated from 3D images of plants with color information. To observe changes in the chlorophyll content and plant structure, a potted plant was kept for five days under a water stress condition and its 3D images were taken once a day. As a result, the normalized Red value and the chlorophyll content were correlated; a high R2 value (0.81) was obtained. The absolute error of the chlorophyll content estimation in cross-validation studies was 4.0 × 10−2 μg/mm2. At the same time, the structural parameters (i.e., the leaf inclination angle and the azimuthal angle) were calculated by simultaneously monitoring the changes in the plant’s status in terms of its chlorophyll content and structural parameters. By combining these parameters related to plant information in plant image analysis, early detection of plant stressors, such as water stress, becomes possible.

scholarly journals Mountain plant communities: Uncertain sentinels?

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P Malanson ◽  
Lynn M Resler ◽  
David R Butler ◽  
Daniel B Fagre
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Alpine Treeline ◽  
Nonlinear Responses ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mountain Plant

Mountain plant communities are thought to be sensitive to climate change and, thus, able to reveal its effects sooner than others. The status as sentinels of two plant communities are reviewed. Alpine treeline ecotones and alpine vegetation have been observed to respond to climate change in recent decades. The treeline has moved upslope and alpine communities have had some species increase and others decrease. The response for both, however, has been inconsistent if taken as a whole. Problematic factors for this response are outlined for both: abiotic and biotic interactions partially decouple the plant communities from climate. Differences across spatial and temporal scales complicate interpretation. Partial decoupling leads to nonlinear responses and difficulties for prediction and for planning mitigation.

scholarly journals Vegetation recovery in open cast mines of Tver Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Elena Parakhina ◽  
Ksenia Naumova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Vegetation Recovery ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Melilotus Albus ◽  
Calamagrostis Epigejos ◽  
Tver Region ◽  
Open Cast

In the study natural plant communities appearing at the first stages of vegetation recovery in open cuts are described. Sixty-three species of higher vascular plants were found, six of which are adventive (Bunias orientalis L., Cichorium intybus L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Melilotus albus Medik., Sedum spurium M.Bieb., Solidago canadensis L.). Species from the Asteraceae (15), Gramíneae (8), Fabáceae (7) families prevail. The predominant life form according to I. Serebryakov are long-rhizome. According to G. Zozulin’s classification, plants belonging to the meadow and birch formations are most common. The associations of Calamagrostis epigejos and Bromus inermis predominate. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Heracleum sibiricum L., Campanula glomerata L. are single.

scholarly journals Long-term dynamics of plant communities after biological remediation of oil-contaminated soils in far north

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Novakovskiy ◽  
V. A. Kanev ◽  
M. Y. Markarova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Vegetation Recovery ◽  
Oil Degradation ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Biological Remediation ◽  
Clear Shift

AbstractWe studied the long-term dynamics of plant communities after bio and phytoremediation of oil-polluted soils. Nine plots located in European Northeast and treated using various bioremediation methods were monitored from 2002 to 2014. Geobotanical descriptions (relevés) of each plot were performed in 2006 and 2014, and Grime’s theoretical CSR (competition–stress–ruderality) framework was used to assess the vegetation state and dynamics. We observed a clear shift of communities from pioneer (where ruderal species were prevalent) to stable (where competitor species were dominant) states. However, the remediation type did not significantly impact the vegetation recovery rate. After 12 years, all methods led to a 55–90% decrease in the oil content of the soil and a recovery of the vegetation cover. The plant communities contained mainly cereals and sedges which significantly differed from the original tundra communities before the oil spill. The control plot, treated only by mechanical cleaning, had minimum oil degradation rate (50%) and vegetation recovery rates, although, in CSR terms, its vegetation assemblage resembled the background community. Cereals (Agrostis gigantea, Deschampsia cespitosa, Phalaris arundinacea, and Poa pratensis), sedges (Carex canescens, Carex limosa, and Eriophorum vaginatum), and shrubs (Salix) were found to be the most effective species for phytoremediation, exhibiting high community productivity under the harsh northern conditions.

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