scholarly journals Origin and Background Estimation of Sulfur Dioxide in Ulaanbaatar, 2017

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makhbal Prikaz ◽  
Chunsheng Fang ◽  
Sanchirbayar Dash ◽  
Ju Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Trajectory Model ◽  
Background Estimation ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

Particulate matter studies have been conducted regularly in the capital city of Mongolia. In contrast, studies related to the source and general estimation of levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) over whole years are lacking. To explore the yearly trend in SO2, whole-year data of air pollutants were obtained from the Air Pollution Reducing Department. The results showed that the annual average concentration of SO2 was 32.43 µg/m3 at the Amgalan official monitoring station in 2017, which changed from 53 µg/m3 in 2016, representing a reduction of around 40%. The back-trajectory model and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (HYPSLIT) were used to determine the source of SO2. A total of 8760 backward trajectories were divided into eight groups. The results showed that 78.8% of the total trajectories in Ulaanbaatar came from an area inside Mongolia. The results showed that pollutants enter Ulaanbaatar mainly from the northwest and north during the winter season. There are industrial cities, such as Darkhan and Sukhbaatar, in North Mongolia. Air pollutants created in the industrial area traveled into Ulaanbaatar during the winter season.

scholarly journals Long-Term Ambient Air Pollutant Exposure and Risk of Recurrent Headache in Children: A 12-Year Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 9140
Author(s):  
Syuan-Yu Hong ◽  
Lei Wan ◽  
Hui-Ju Lin ◽  
Cheng-Li Lin ◽  
Chang-Ching Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Research Database

Although studies have suggested environmental factors to be triggers of headache, the contribution of long-term air pollution exposure to recurrent headaches is poorly understood. Hence, we executed this nationwide cohort study to investigate associations between levels of ambient air pollutants and risks of recurrent headaches in children in Taiwan from 2000 to 2012. We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and linked them to the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Database. Overall, 218,008 children aged < 18 were identified from 1 January 2000, and then followed until they were diagnosed by a physician for ≥3 times with recurrent headaches or until 31 December 2012. We categorized the annual average concentration of each air pollutant (fine particulate matter, total hydrocarbon, methane, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into quartiles (Q1–Q4). We measured the incidence rate, hazard ratios (HRs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for recurrent headaches. stratified by the quartiles. A total of 28,037 children (12.9%) were identified with recurrent headaches. The incidence rate and adjusted HR for recurrent headaches increased with higher-level exposure of air pollutants, except sulfur dioxide. We herein demonstrate that long-term ambient air pollutant exposure might be a risk factor for childhood recurrent headaches.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on Extremely Polluted Air Quality and Trend Forecast in Seven Provinces and Three Cities of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Pan ◽  
Yonggang Zhao ◽  
Meng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 broke out. Because the virus is extremely contagious and the mortality rate after infection is extremely high, China and many countries in the world have imposed lockdowns. Air pollutants during the epidemic period have attracted the attention of many scholars. This research is to use predictive models to describe changes in extreme air pollutants. China is the first country in the world to enter the lockdown state. This study uses data from 2015-2020 to compare and predict the concentration of extreme pollutants before and after the lockdown. The results show that the lockdown of the epidemic will reduce the annual average concentration of PM2.5, and the annual average concentration of O3 will increase first and then decrease. Through analysis, it is concluded that there is a synergistic decrease trend between PM2.5 and O3. With the various blockade measures for epidemic prevention and control, the reduction of extreme air pollutant concentrations is sustainable. The assessment of China’s air quality in conjunction with the COVID-19 can provide scientific guidance for the Chinese government and other relevant departments to formulate policies.

PM2.5 levels strongly associate with multiple sclerosis prevalence in the Province of Padua, Veneto Region, North-East Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 1719-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Tateo ◽  
Francesca Grassivaro ◽  
Mario Ermani ◽  
Marco Puthenparampil ◽  
Paolo Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
North East ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

Background: Incidence and prevalence trends of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Province of Padua, North-East Italy, suggest that environmental factors may be associated with increased MS risk. Objective: To investigate the association of PM2.5 with MS prevalence in one of the most polluted geographical area of Italy. Methods: In total, 1435 Italian MS patients residing in the Province of Padua were enrolled. The province surface was classified into urban areas, isolated villages, industrialized places, and countryside. Satellite-derived dust-free and sea salt-free PM2.5 concentrations (annual average 1998–2015, μg/m3) allowed the identification of 18 classes of territorial sections with statistically evaluable numbers of inhabitants. Possible correlations between residential locality types, PM2.5 concentrations, and MS prevalence were investigated. Results: MS prevalence was significantly ( p < 0.0001) higher in urban areas (ranging from 219 in Padua City to 169/100,000 in other urban areas) compared to isolated villages (116/100,000) or rural domains (109/100,000) and strongly correlated with the annual average concentration of PM2.5 ( r = 0.81, p < 0.001). Regression analysis further associated MS cases with PM.2.5 average concentration ( β = 0.11, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In the Province of Padua, MS prevalence is strongly associated with PM2.5 exposure suggesting that air pollutants may be one of the possible environmental risk factors for MS.

scholarly journals Outdoor air pollution and diminished ovarian reserve among infertile Korean women

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Kim ◽  
Seung-Ah Choe ◽  
Ok-Jin Kim ◽  
Sun-Young Kim ◽  
Seulgi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Korean Women

AbstractBackgroundMounting evidence implicates an association between ambient air pollution and impaired reproductive potential of human. Our study aimed to assess the association between air pollution and ovarian reserve in young, infertile women.MethodsOur study included 2276 Korean women who attended a single fertility center in 2016–2018. Women’s exposure to air pollution was assessed using concentrations of particulate matter (PM10and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) that had been collected at 269 air quality monitoring sites. Exposure estimates were computed for 1, 3, 6, and 12 months prior to the ovarian reserve tests. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) ratio (defined as an observed-to-expected AMH based on age) and low AMH (defined as < 0.5 ng/mL) were employed as indicators of ovarian reserve. We included a clustering effect of 177 districts in generalized estimating equations approach. A secondary analysis was conducted restricting the analyses to Seoul residents to examine the association in highly urbanized setting.ResultsThe mean age was 36.6 ± 4.2 years and AMH level was 3.3 ± 3.1 ng/mL in the study population. Average AMH ratio was 0.8 ± 0.7 and low AMH was observed in 10.3% of women (n=235). The average concentration of six air pollutants was not different between the normal ovarian reserve and low AMH groups for all averaging periods. In multivariable models, an interquartile range (IQR)-increase in 1 month-average PM10was associated with decrease in AMH ratio among total population (β= −0.06, 95% confidence interval: −0.11, 0.00). When we restrict our analysis to those living in Seoul, IQR-increases in 1 and 12 month-average PM2.5were associated with 3% (95% CI: −0.07, 0.00) and 10% (95% CI: −0.18, −0.01) decrease in AMH ratio. The ORs per IQR increase in the six air pollutants were close to null in total population and Seoul residents.ConclusionsIn a cohort of infertile Korean women, there was a suggestive evidence of the negative association between ambient PM concentration and ovarian reserve, highlighting the potential adverse impact of air pollution on women’s fertility.

scholarly journals Temporal-spatial Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Chengdu Economic Region, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 04027
Author(s):  
Hongjin Tong ◽  
Sha Liu ◽  
Ruixue Liao ◽  
Xiaomei Wei ◽  
Kangli Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Variation Characteristics

The previous characteristics researches of air pollution were almost based on data from national environmental monitoring stations in 2015. The temporal variation curves of air pollutants and the ArcGIS grid interpolation method were used to analyze the spatial-temporal variation of air pollutants in five cities of Chengdu economic region. In 2015, the monthly change trends of PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2 and NO of air pollutants in Chengdu economic region were basically the same. The maximum monthly average concentration was in January or December, and the minimum was in May to September. The temporal variation of SO2 was characterized by little fluctuation of monthly concentration. The temporal variation characteristics of O3 were opposite to other pollutants. The spatial distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 was characterized by the largest concentration in Chengdu and the southwest of Meishan, in which they were mainly concentrated in the central area of Chengdu in winter. The average concentration of CO in Chengdu was the largest, followed by Deyang and Mianyang, and Meishan and Ziyang was the smallest. The concentrations of NO2 and NO in Chengdu were the largest, while those in Ziyang were the smallest. The spatial distribution characteristics of O3 were different from other pollutants. The areas with the largest concentration of O3 were Ziyang and a small part of west in Chengdu. The spatial distribution of SO2 was characterized by the largest concentration of SO2 in Ziyang, the lowest concentration in Mianyang and Deyang.

The meiofauna of a flatfish nursery ground

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. McIntyre ◽  
D. J. Murison
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Nursery Ground ◽  
Intertidal Area ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Water Springs ◽  
Good Drainage

The meiofauna was studied over a 10-year period on a flatfish nursery ground between the high-water mark and a depth of 10 m below low-water springs.The sediment was well sorted sand, with median diameter from 210 to 279 μ in the intertidal area and 160 to 208 μ in the subtidal. It was composed of medium rounded quartz, with the calcium carbonate content mainly 0·25 to 2·20% by weight. Porosity was 33·39% and the coefficient of permeability ranged from 1·66 to 2·33 × 10–2 cm per sec, indicating good drainage. The sand was usually over 90% water-saturated, and seldom less than 60%. The annual average concentration of particulate organic carbonwas 205 μg/g sand in the intertidal, and 684 μg/g at 5 m depth. Corresponding values for chlorophyll a were 0·75 and 4·50 μg/g.

scholarly journals Pollution Scenario due to Discharge of Effluent from Agrochemicals and Pesticides Manufacturing Industries of Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
P.U. Singare ◽  
S.S. Dhabarde
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Physico Chemical

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to agrochemicals and pesticides manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The average concentration of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn was found to be maximum of 29.86, 0.90, 1.16 and 1.19 ppm respectively in summer season, while average Fe concentration was maximum of 51.10 ppm in winter season. The average pH value of the effluent was found to be maximum of 12.95 in summer season, while average conductivity value was maximum of 21085 µmhos/cm in rainy season. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, hardness, salinity, chloride, cyanide, phosphate, total solid, BOD and COD content were found to be maximum in summer season having the average values of 1918, 186, 4, 11.20, 0.07, 81, 6391, 685 and 2556 ppm respectively. The average DO content was found to be low of 4.5 ppm in winter season. It was observed that the concentration level of majority of the toxic heavy metals and physico-chemical properties were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The results of present study indicates that the existing situation if mishandled can cause irreparable ecological harm in the long term well masked by short term economic prosperity due to extensive industrial growth

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Content in Water of Resko Lake (North-West Poland)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski ◽  
Ryszard Konieczny
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
North West ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from Lake of Resko (North-West Poland). While the annual average concentration of Cadmium was calculated as 0.34 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.28 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Chromium was calculated as 1,75 ppm in 2008 of the year and 1.97 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Copper in the water was 0.05 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.06 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Mercury was calculated as 0.03 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.04 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Nickel in the water samples was observed to be 2.07 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.09 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Pb in the water samples was observed to be 0.07 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zn in water samples was 3.02 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.74 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.

Evaluation and Management of Ambient Air Quality, with Special Reference to China

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Zhi-Qi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Hygienic Standard ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

Monitoring and evaluation of air quality in urban and industrial areas are essential for air quality management. For evaluating the composite air-quality in the concomitant presence of several pollutants in the atmosphere, many air quality indices have been developed. This paper presents two indices, the ‘composite air-quality index (I1)’ and ‘the standard-exceeding index of air pollution (I2)’ together with their respective sub-indices, for the pollutants monitored and for use in combination.The first index, I1, is based on the annual average concentration measured in a year for each pollutant; it measures the overall composite air-quality. By relating the annual average concentration (Ci) of each pollutant to its hygienic standard (Si), as many (Ci/Si) values as the number of pollutant parameters monitored are found, whereupon I1 is computed as the geometric mean of the maximum and average of all (Ci/Si) values. A greater value of I1 means worse composite air-quality. It is simpler to compute than those more sophisticated ones in the literature, and holds the unique characteristic of considering, and yet not overemphasizing as formula (3) does (Nemerow, 1974), the maximum (Ci/Si) value.

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