scholarly journals Electronic Textiles

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Guido Ehrmann ◽  
Andrea Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Electronic Textiles ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
External Communication ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
Temperature Strain

Electronic textiles belong to the broader range of smart (or “intelligent”) textiles. Their “smartness” is enabled by embedded or added electronics and allows the sensing of defined parameters of their environment as well as actuating according to these sensor data. For this purpose, different sensors (e.g., temperature, strain, light sensors) and actuators (e.g., LEDs or mechanical actuators) are embedded and connected with a power supply, a data processor, and internal/external communication.

scholarly journals Data-Centric Knowledge Discovery Strategy for a Safety-Critical Sensor Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilamadhab Mishra ◽  
Hsien-Tsung Chang ◽  
Chung-Chih Lin
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Discovery ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Sensor Applications ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Time Critical

In an indoor safety-critical application, sensors and actuators are clustered together to accomplish critical actions within a limited time constraint. The cluster may be controlled by a dedicated programmed autonomous microcontroller device powered with electricity to perform in-network time critical functions, such as data collection, data processing, and knowledge production. In a data-centric sensor network, approximately 3–60% of the sensor data are faulty, and the data collected from the sensor environment are highly unstructured and ambiguous. Therefore, for safety-critical sensor applications, actuators must function intelligently within a hard time frame and have proper knowledge to perform their logical actions. This paper proposes a knowledge discovery strategy and an exploration algorithm for indoor safety-critical industrial applications. The application evidence and discussion validate that the proposed strategy and algorithm can be implemented for knowledge discovery within the operational framework.

scholarly journals Mining Wireless Sensor Network Data: an adaptive approach based on artificial neuralnetworks algorithm

2011 ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Lambodar Jena ◽  
Ramakrushna Swain ◽  
N.K. kamila
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Dimensionality Reduction ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Limited Power ◽  
Limited Power Supply

This paper proposes a layered modular architecture to adaptively perform data mining tasks in large sensor networks. The architecture consists in a lower layer which performs data aggregation in a modular fashion and in an upper layer which employs an adaptive local learning technique to extract a prediction model from the aggregated information. The rationale of the approach is that a modular aggregation of sensor data can serve jointly two purposes: first, the organization of sensors in clusters, then reducing the communication effort, second, the dimensionality reduction of the data mining task, then improving the accuracy of the sensing task . Here we show that some of the algorithms developed within the artificial neuralnetworks tradition can be easily adopted to wireless sensor-network platforms and will meet several aspects of the constraints for data mining in sensor networks like: limited communication bandwidth, limited computing resources, limited power supply, and the need for fault-tolerance. The analysis of the dimensionality reduction obtained from the outputs of the neural-networks clustering algorithms shows that the communication costs of the proposed approach are significantly smaller, which is an important consideration in sensor-networks due to limited power supply. In this paper we will present two possible implementations of the ART and FuzzyART neuralnetworks algorithms, which are unsupervised learning methods for categorization of the sensory inputs. They are tested on a data obtained from a set of several nodes, equipped with several sensors each.

scholarly journals Shared Models and Open Infrastructures for the smart City Internet of Things based on the Semantic Web

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouad Banane ◽  
Abdessalam Belangour
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Coordination Mechanism ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
The City

Contemporary cities face many challenges: energy, ecological, demographic or economic. To answer this, technological means are implemented in cities through the use of sensors and actuators. These cities are said to be smart. Currently, smart cities are operated by actors who share neither their sensor data nor access to their actuators. This situation is called vertical: each operator deploys its own sensors and actuators and has its own IT infrastructure hosting its applications. This leads to infrastructure redundancy and ad-hoc applications to oversee and control an area of the city. A trend is to move towards a so-called horizontal situation via the use of an open and shared mediation platform. Sensor data and access to the actuators are shared within this type of platform, allowing their sharing between the different actors. The costs of infrastructure and development are then reduced. This work is part of such a context of horizontalization, within an open and shared platform, in which we propose: 1) a layer of abstraction for control and supervision of the city, 2) a competition control mechanism handling conflict cases based on the RDF (Resource Description Framework) semantic Web standard, 3) a coordination mechanism promoting the reuse of actuators using ontology, 4) an implementation of our work by a proof of concept. The abstraction we propose is based on models from reactive systems. They aim to be generic and represent the invariant of the smart city: the physical elements. They allow applications to control and supervise the city. To facilitate the development of applications we standardize the interface of our models. Since these applications may have real-time constraints, especially those that have control objectives, we propose to take advantage of the distributed architecture of this type of platform. Given the sharing of the actuators, we have identified that conflicts can arise between applications. We propose a mechanism of competition control to deal with these cases of conflicts. We have also identified that a coordination mechanism must be offered to applications wishing to perform atomic control operations. Such a mechanism promotes the reuse of the actuators present in the city. Finally, we implemented our proposals around a proof of concept, including several use cases, to demonstrate our work.

High-Temperature, Bulk-CMOS Integrated Circuits for a Distributed Control System-Performance Results

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (HITEC) ◽  
pp. 000002-000009
Author(s):  
Dan Howe ◽  
Steve Majerus ◽  
Steve Garverick ◽  
Walter Merrill ◽  
Ken Semega
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Distributed Control ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Sigma Delta ◽  
Serial Interface ◽  
Switched Mode Power Supply ◽  
Voltage Feedback

Four integrated circuits (ICs) have been developed to provide sensing, actuation, and power conversion capabilities in a high-temperature (200 °C) distributed control environment. Patented high-temperature techniques facilitate designs in a conventional, low-cost, 0.5-micron bulk CMOS foundry process. The HHT104 eight-channel instrumentation IC measures LVDTs, RTDs, thermocouples, and other sensors with up to 12-bit resolution. Dual sigma-delta converters and independent, programmable gain allow simultaneous conversion of two differential-output sensors. A stimulus driver may be used to drive bridge sensors with AC excitation and a temperature-stabilized oscillator provides 1.5- and 24-MHz system clocks for microprocessor use. The HHT212 current driver IC may be used to control two motors in full-bridge configuration or four independent half-bridge loads. Each channel is capable of driving up to 300 mA with 12-bit resolution. An internally-generated, temperature-stabilized current reference minimizes external components. The output current is programmed using a SPI serial interface, and the chip has built-in over-current and over-temperature protection. The HHT250 is a quad load driver featuring an integrated PWM controller, push-pull outputs and flexible drive capability. The HHT300 quad-output switched-mode power supply IC implements a compact power solution for multi-voltage microprocessors, sensors, and actuators. The external part count is minimized using integrated output FETs and a novel voltage feedback topology. Synchronous rectification reduces power dissipation and improves current capacity. Each channel has a pin-programmable output voltage and may be independently enabled for power supply sequencing. A high-temperature development system has been created using the four ICs and a DSP for actuator controller prototypes. A reference application was implemented using this system to drive a torque motor using LVDT position feedback.

A 200 °C Quad-Output Buck Type Switched Mode Power Supply IC

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (HITEC) ◽  
pp. 000022-000027
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Goff ◽  
Steve J. A. Majerus ◽  
Walter Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Oscillation Frequency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bias Current ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Level Shift ◽  
Output Current ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Switched Mode Power Supply

A high temperature (>200 °C), quad-output, buck type switched-mode power supply (SMPS) IC capable of operating over a wide input supply range of 6 V to 15 V is described. The IC is a compact power supply solution for multi-voltage microprocessors, sensors, and actuators. The SMPS topology is a 112 kHz fixed-frequency, synchronous buck converter with slope compensation. A novel internal feedback design enables the output voltages to be pin-programmed to one of three common supply voltages—5 V, 3.3 V, or 1.8 V—while an external resistor divider can also be used for arbitrary voltage programming. Integrated power supply output MOSFET switches minimize the external part count and synchronous rectification reduces power dissipation and improves current capacity. The IC was fabricated in a conventional, low-cost, 0.5 μm bulk CMOS foundry process. Patented circuit design techniques allow the IC to operate in excess of 200 °C and circuit operation was demonstrated at ambient temperatures up to 225 °C. The foundry process is optimized for 5 V applications, however, the IC accepts input voltages up to 15 V and can produce outputs up to 10 V by utilizing extended drain single- and double-sided NMOS and PMOS transistors for the linear regulator pass transistor, error amplifier, and SMPS switches. The high-side FETs are controlled through capacitive coupled level shift circuits to ensure the gate-oxide voltage limits are not exceeded while still maintaining fast signal transitions. The IC also includes a tunable, 25 MHz monolithic oscillator that is programmable over a SPI serial interface. The oscillator bias current is comprised of a programmable constant-gm bias current and a programmable PTAT bias current. The programmability can be used to set the oscillation frequency, but can also be used together with a calibration curve on a microcontroller to achieve a more stable oscillation frequency over temperature. The output current of the quad SMPS was limited to 70 mA by a lower than expected saturation current of the extended-drain PMOS switch devices. The system showed good line regulation (<0.1%) and 50% load step response stability (+/− 100 mV) at a nominal output current of 50 mA when tested at 200 °C ambient.

scholarly journals Bolt loose judging device for offshore wind turbine

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Wang Fei ◽  
Qu Jun
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Vibration Sensor ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Communication Line ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Ccd Sensor

For the problem of bolt loose in the long-term operation of offshore wind turbine, we proposed a bolt loose judging device for offshore wind turbine. The bolt loose judging device for offshore wind turbine included vibration sensor, signal receiving and transmitter, CCD sensor, data analyzer, power supply, the communication line and the power supply line. The combination of data analyzer and CCD sensor was used to analyze whether the prefabricated symbols on the bolts change, so as to judge whether the bolts are loose. The whole system (except vibration sensor) has been in standby and dormant state at ordinary times, which is more simple and reliable under the harsh conditions at sea.

scholarly journals Sustainable Irrigation System for Farming Supported by Machine Learning and Real-Time Sensor Data

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3079
Author(s):  
André Glória ◽  
João Cardoso ◽  
Pedro Sebastião
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Real Time ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Sensors And Actuators

Presently, saving natural resources is increasingly a concern, and water scarcity is a fact that has been occurring in more areas of the globe. One of the main strategies used to counter this trend is the use of new technologies. On this topic, the Internet of Things has been highlighted, with these solutions being characterized by offering robustness and simplicity, while being low cost. This paper presents the study and development of an automatic irrigation control system for agricultural fields. The developed solution had a wireless sensors and actuators network, a mobile application that offers the user the capability of consulting not only the data collected in real time but also their history and also act in accordance with the data it analyses. To adapt the water management, Machine Learning algorithms were studied to predict the best time of day for water administration. Of the studied algorithms (Decision Trees, Random Forest, Neural Networks, and Support Vectors Machines) the one that obtained the best results was Random Forest, presenting an accuracy of 84.6%. Besides the ML solution, a method was also developed to calculate the amount of water needed to manage the fields under analysis. Through the implementation of the system it was possible to realize that the developed solution is effective and can achieve up to 60% of water savings.

scholarly journals RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM SORTASI KEMATANGAN BUAH SEMI OTOMATIS BERBASIS ARDUINO

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guyup Mahardhian Dwi Putra ◽  
Diah Ajeng Setiawati ◽  
Sumarjan Sumarjan
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Arduino Uno

Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) adalah tumbuhan penghasil buah yang berasa manis dan sedikit pedas.Akhir-akhir ini paprika menjadi tanaman sayuran berpotensi karena semakin banyak masyarakat yangmengkonsumsi paprika sebagai pelengkap bahan masakan. Perubahan pola konsumsi memberikan peluang besar bagi pasar lokal maupun ekspor. Salah satu daerah penghasil paprika adalah Nusa Tenggara Barat, dimana paprika menjadi komoditi andalan bagi hotel dan restoran yang jumlahnya semakin meningkat sehingga kebutuhan juga semakin bertambah. Kualitas paprika untuk hotel dan restoran tentunya harus memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan seperti tingkat kematangan buah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang bangun alat sortasi kematangan buah semi otomatis berbasis arduino. Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan menganalis rancangan struktural dan rancangan fungsional dari sistem sortasi. Alat yang digunakan adalah mikrokontroller arduino UNO REV3, sensor warna TCS 3200, LCD 16x2, power supply, motor servo. Sistem sortasi dirancang dengan prinsip mendeteksi nilai Red Green Blue (RGB) buah paprika menggunakan sensor, data nilai selanjutnya diolah oleh mikrokontroller untuk ditampilkan di LCD dan secara bersamaan menggerakkan portal yang terhubung dengan motor servo. Portal bergerak jika buah matang dan sebaliknya tetap tertutup jika buah mentah. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa alat sortasi semi otomatis mampu memberikan tingkat keberhasilan 93,3% dalam membedakan buah paprika matang (merah dan kuning) dari buah mentah (hijau).Kata kunci: arduino, paprika, sistem sortasi, tingkat kematangan

scholarly journals Perancangan Flowmeter Ultrasonik untuk Mengukur Debit Air Pada Pipa

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Hidayahtullah Abdi Robhani ◽  
Abdul Ro'uf
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Wave ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Diameter Pipe ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Wave Properties

 Measurement of water discharge using ultrasonic wave properties ensures the stability of measured water profile because of its non-intrusive nature. In this study, a water discharge measuring device has been developed by utilizing ultrasonic wave properties to determine its speed. The device is designed using two pairs of ultrasonic transmitters and receivers at upstream and downstream positions toward the direction of the water flow. 40 kHz ultrasonic waves are generated with AD9850 DDS sinusoidal pulse generating module. The sensor data processor uses an Arduino Due microcontroller module by calculating the measured ultrasonic wave travel time difference.             Measurements were made on a 57 mm diameter pipe with flow rates varied using 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% tap openings. The measurement resulte shows the lowest water debit calculation value of 4.42×10-4 m3/s at 25% faucet opening and highest discharge of 2.15×10-3 m3/s at 100% faucet opening with the values of coefficient of correlation and coefficient of determination on 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% faucet openings respectively 0.9715, 0.9669, 0.9604 and 0.9647 and 94.37%, 93.49%, 92 , 24%, and 93.07%.

scholarly journals Providing Fault Detection from Sensor Data in Complex Machines That Build the Smart City

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 586
Author(s):  
Alberto Gascón ◽  
Roberto Casas ◽  
David Buldain ◽  
Álvaro Marco
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Predictive Maintenance ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Limited Memory ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Network Good

Household appliances, climate control machines, vehicles, elevators, cash counting machines, etc., are complex machines with key contributions to the smart city. Those devices have limited memory and processing power, but they are not just actuators; they embed tens of sensors and actuators managed by several microcontrollers and microprocessors communicated by control buses. On the other hand, predictive maintenance and the capability of identifying failures to avoid greater damage of machines is becoming a topic of great relevance in Industry 4.0, and the large amount of data to be processed is a concern. This article proposes a layered methodology to enable complex machines with automatic fault detection or predictive maintenance. It presents a layered structure to perform the collection, filtering and extraction of indicators, along with their processing. The aim is to reduce the amount of data to work with, and to optimize them by generating indicators that concentrate the information provided by data. To test its applicability, a prototype of a cash counting machine has been used. With this prototype, different failure cases have been simulated by introducing defective elements. After the extraction of the indicators, using the Kullback–Liebler divergence, it has been possible to visualize the differences between the data associated with normal and failure operation. Subsequently, using a neural network, good results have been obtained, being able to correctly classify the failure in 90% of the cases. The result of this application demonstrates the proper functioning of the proposed approach in complex machines.

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