scholarly journals Generational Effects of Opioid Exposure

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Odegaard ◽  
Gurudutt Pendyala ◽  
Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Transgenerational Inheritance ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
As Stress

The inheritance of substance abuse, including opioid abuse, may be influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors related to the environment, such as stress and socioeconomic status. These non-genetic influences on the heritability of a trait can be attributed to epigenetics. Epigenetic inheritance can result from modifications passed down from the mother, father, or both, resulting in either maternal, paternal, or parental epigenetic inheritance, respectively. These epigenetic modifications can be passed to the offspring to result in multigenerational, intergenerational, or transgenerational inheritance. Human and animal models of opioid exposure have shown generational effects that result in molecular, developmental, and behavioral alterations in future generations.

scholarly journals A Reevaluation of the 1990 “Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart” IQ Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dizygotic Twin ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Iq Scores

In 1990, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr. and colleagues published the widely cited 1990 “Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart” (MISTRA) Science IQ study. To arrive at the conclusion that “IQ is strongly affected by genetic factors,” Bouchard and colleagues omitted their control group reared-apart dizygotic twin (“DZA”) IQ-score correlations. Near-full-sample correlations published after the study’s 2000 endpoint show that the reared-apart monozygotic twin (“MZA”) and DZA group IQ correlations did not differ at a statistically significant level, suggesting that the study failed the first step in determining that IQ scores are influenced by heredity. After bypassing the model-fitting technique they used in most non-IQ MISTRA studies, the researchers assumed that the MZA group IQ-score correlation alone “directly estimates heritability.” This method was based on unsupported assumptions by the researchers, and they largely overlooked the confounding influence of cohort effects. Bouchard and colleagues then decided to count most environmental influences they did recognize as genetic influences. I conclude that the MISTRA IQ study failed to discover genetic influences on IQ scores and cognitive ability across the studied population, and that the study should be evaluated in the context of psychology’s replication problem.

scholarly journals Intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in reef-building corals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jin Liew ◽  
Emily J. Howells ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Craig T. Michell ◽  
John A. Burt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Cpg Methylation ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Transgenerational Inheritance ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
Hypermethylated Genes

MainThe notion that intergenerational or transgenerational inheritance operates solely through genetic means is slowly being eroded: epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to induce heritable changes in gene activity in plants1,2and metazoans1,3. Inheritance of DNA methylation provides a potential pathway for environmentally induced phenotypes to contribute to evolution of species and populations1–4. However, in basal metazoans, it is unknown whether inheritance of CpG methylation patterns occurs across the genome (as in plants) or as rare exceptions (as in mammals)4. Here, we demonstrate genome-wide intergenerational transmission of CpG methylation patterns from parents to sperm and larvae in a reef-building coral. We also show variation in hypermethylated genes in corals from distinct environments, indicative of responses to variations in temperature and salinity. These findings support a role of DNA methylation in the transgenerational inheritance of traits in corals, which may extend to enhancing their capacity to adapt to climate change.

Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Bošković ◽  
Oliver J. Rando
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Epigenetic Information ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Inheritance of genomic DNA underlies the vast majority of biological inheritance, yet it has been clear for decades that additional epigenetic information can be passed on to future generations. Here, we review major model systems for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance via the germline in multicellular organisms. In addition to surveying examples of epivariation that may arise stochastically or in response to unknown stimuli, we also discuss the induction of heritable epigenetic changes by genetic or environmental perturbations. Mechanistically, we discuss the increasingly well-understood molecular pathways responsible for epigenetic inheritance, with a focus on the unusual features of the germline epigenome.

scholarly journals Transgenerational Inheritance of Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Alterations during Mammalian Development

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Legoff ◽  
Shereen Cynthia D’Cruz ◽  
Sergei Tevosian ◽  
Michael Primig ◽  
Fatima Smagulova
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Transgenerational Inheritance ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
Chromatin Proteins

Genetic studies traditionally focus on DNA as the molecule that passes information on from parents to their offspring. Changes in the DNA code alter heritable information and can more or less severely affect the progeny’s phenotype. While the idea that information can be inherited between generations independently of the DNA’s nucleotide sequence is not new, the outcome of recent studies provides a mechanistic foundation for the concept. In this review, we attempt to summarize our current knowledge about the transgenerational inheritance of environmentally induced epigenetic changes. We focus primarily on studies using mice but refer to other species to illustrate salient points. Some studies support the notion that there is a somatic component within the phenomenon of epigenetic inheritance. However, here, we will mostly focus on gamete-based processes and the primary molecular mechanisms that are thought to contribute to epigenetic inheritance: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Most of the rodent studies published in the literature suggest that transgenerational epigenetic inheritance through gametes can be modulated by environmental factors. Modification and redistribution of chromatin proteins in gametes is one of the major routes for transmitting epigenetic information from parents to the offspring. Our recent studies provide additional specific cues for this concept and help better understand environmental exposure influences fitness and fidelity in the germline. In summary, environmental cues can induce parental alterations and affect the phenotypes of offspring through gametic epigenetic inheritance. Consequently, epigenetic factors and their heritability should be considered during disease risk assessment.

scholarly journals Inter-generational consequences for growing Caenorhabditis elegans in liquid

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1770) ◽  
pp. 20180125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itamar Lev ◽  
Roberta Bril ◽  
Yunan Liu ◽  
Lucila Inés Ceré ◽  
Oded Rechavi
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Evolutionary Medicine ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
In The Wild

In recent years, studies in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes have shown that different stresses can generate multigenerational changes. Here, we show that worms that grow in liquid media, and also their plate-grown progeny, are different from worms whose ancestors were grown on plates. It has been suggested that C. elegans might encounter liquid environments in nature, although actual observations in the wild are few and far between. By contrast, in the laboratory, growing worms in liquid is commonplace, and often used as an alternative to growing worms on agar plates, to control the composition of the worms' diet, to starve (and synchronize) worms or to grow large populations for biochemical assays. We found that plate-grown descendants of M9 liquid medium-grown worms were longer than control worms, and the heritable effects were already apparent very early in development. We tested for the involvement of different known epigenetic inheritance mechanisms, but could not find a single mutant in which these inter-generational effects are cancelled. While we found that growing in liquid always leads to inter-generational changes in the worms’ size, trans-generational effects were found to be variable, and in some cases, the effects were gone after one to two generations. These results demonstrate that standard cultivation conditions in early life can dramatically change the worms' physiology in adulthood, and can also affect the next generations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine’.

scholarly journals Heritable influences on behavioural problems from early childhood to mid-adolescence: evidence for genetic stability and innovation

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2171-2179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Lewis ◽  
R. Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Behavioural Problem ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Peer Problems ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Parental Ratings ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties

BackgroundAlthough behavioural problems (e.g. anxiety, conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems) are known to be heritable both in early childhood and in adolescence, limited work has examined prediction across these ages, and none using a genetically informative sample.MethodWe examined, first, whether parental ratings of behavioural problems (indexed by the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire) at ages 4, 7, 9, 12, and 16 years were stable across these ages. Second, we examined the extent to which stability reflected genetic or environmental effects through multivariate quantitative genetic analysis on data from a large (n > 3000) population (UK) sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.ResultsBehavioural problems in early childhood (age 4 years) showed significant associations with the corresponding behavioural problem at all subsequent ages. Moreover, stable genetic influences were observed across ages, indicating that biological bases underlying behavioural problems in adolescence are underpinned by genetic influences expressed as early as age 4 years. However, genetic and environmental innovations were also observed at each age.ConclusionThese observations indicate that genetic factors are important for understanding stable individual differences in behavioural problems across childhood and adolescence, although novel genetic influences also facilitate change in such behaviours.

Genetic Influences in Human Substance Abuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy W. Pickens ◽  
Dace S Svikis
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Genetic Influences

scholarly journals A Genetic Analysis of Coffee Consumption in a Sample of Dutch Twins

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline M. Vink ◽  
Annemieke S. Staphorsius ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Dutch Twins ◽  
Twin Resemblance

AbstractCaffeine is by far the most commonly used psychoactive substance. Caffeine is consumed regularly as an ingredient of coffee. Coffee consumption and coffee preference was explored in a sample of 4,495 twins (including 1,231 pairs) registered with the Netherlands Twin Registry. Twin resemblance was assessed by tetrachoric correlations and the influence of both genetic and environmental factors was explored with model fitting analysis in MX. Results showed moderate genetic influences (39%) on coffee consumption. The remaining variance was explained by shared environmental factors (21%) and unique environmental factors (40%). The variance in coffee preference (defined as the proportion of coffee consumption relative to the consumption of coffee and tea in total) was explained by genetic factors (62%) and unique environmental factors (38%).

scholarly journals The malleability of intelligence: the effects of schooling, genetic factors, socioeconomic status, and their interplay in children.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Judd ◽  
Bruno Sauce ◽  
Torkel Klingberg
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

Schooling, socioeconomic status (SES), and genetics all play large roles in intelligence differences. However, it is unclear to what extent their contributions are unique and if they interact. Here we used a multitrait polygenic score for cognition (cog-PGS) with a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity design to isolate how months of schooling relate to intelligence in 7,853 children (aged 9-11). We found large, independent effects of schooling, cog-PGS, and SES on working memory, crystallized (cIQ), and fluid intelligence (fIQ). Intriguingly, we found evidence for gene-by-environment interplay between cog-PGS and SES for cIQ, and a trend in the same direction for fIQ. This interaction was negative meaning that the intelligence of the highest SES children was the least affected by genetic differences, while the lowest SES children were most affected by genetic variability. Schooling showed no interaction with cog-PGS or SES for the three intelligence domains tested. While schooling had strong main effects on intelligence, it did not lessen, nor widen the impact of these preexisting SES or genetic factors.

scholarly journals The reliability and heritability of cortical folds and their genetic correlations across hemispheres

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Pizzagalli ◽  
Guillaume Auzias ◽  
Qifan Yang ◽  
Samuel R. Mathias ◽  
Joshua Faskowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Independent Family ◽  
Heritability Estimates

AbstractThe structure of the brain’s cortical folds varies considerably in human populations. Specific patterns of cortical variation arise with development and aging, and cortical traits are partially influenced by genetic factors. The degree to which genetic factors affect cortical folding patterning remains unknown, yet may be estimated with large-scale in-vivo brain MRI. Using multiple MRI datasets from around the world, we estimated the reliability and heritability of sulcal morphometric characteristics including length, depth, width, and surface area, for 61 sulci per hemisphere of the human brain. Reliability was assessed across four distinct test-retest datasets. We meta-analyzed the heritability across three independent family-based cohorts (N > 3,000), and one cohort of largely unrelated individuals (N~9,000) to examine the robustness of our findings. Reliability was high (interquartile range for ICC: 0.65−0.85) for sulcal metrics. Most sulcal measures were moderately to highly heritable (heritability estimates = 0.3−0.7). These genetic influences vary regionally, with the earlier forming sulci having higher heritability estimates. The central sulcus, the subcallosal and the collateral fissure were the most highly heritable regions. For some frontal and temporal sulci, left and right genetic influences did not completely overlap, suggesting some lateralization of genetic effects on the cortex.

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