scholarly journals Low Carbon Scenario Analysis of a Hydrogen-Based Energy Transition for On-Road Transportation in California

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7163
Author(s):  
Vishnu Vijayakumar ◽  
Alan Jenn ◽  
Lewis Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Impact

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are emerging as one of the prominent zero emission vehicle technologies. This study follows a deterministic modeling approach to project two scenarios of FCEV adoption and the resulting hydrogen demand (low and high) up to 2050 in California, using a transportation transition model. The study then estimates the number of hydrogen production and refueling facilities required to meet demand. The impact of system scale-up and learning rates on hydrogen price is evaluated using standalone supply chain models: H2A, HDSAM, HRSAM and HDRSAM. A sensitivity analysis explores key factors that affect hydrogen prices. In the high scenario, light and heavy-duty fuel cell vehicle stocks reach 12.5 million and 1 million by 2050, respectively. The resulting annual hydrogen demand is 3.9 billion kg, making hydrogen the dominant transportation fuel. Satisfying such high future demands will require rapid increases in infrastructure investments starting now, but especially after 2030 when there is an exponential increase in the number of production plants and refueling stations. In the long term, electrolytic hydrogen delivered using dedicated hydrogen pipelines to larger stations offers substantial cost savings. Feedstock prices, size of the hydrogen market and station utilization are the prominent parameters that affect hydrogen price.

scholarly journals A Review of Hydrogen Purification Technologies for Fuel Cell Vehicles

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Zhemin Du ◽  
Congmin Liu ◽  
Junxiang Zhai ◽  
Xiuying Guo ◽  
Yalin Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Hydrogen Purification ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicles ◽  
Low Carbon

Nowadays, we face a series of global challenges, including the growing depletion of fossil energy, environmental pollution, and global warming. The replacement of coal, petroleum, and natural gas by secondary energy resources is vital for sustainable development. Hydrogen (H2) energy is considered the ultimate energy in the 21st century because of its diverse sources, cleanliness, low carbon emission, flexibility, and high efficiency. H2 fuel cell vehicles are commonly the end-point application of H2 energy. Owing to their zero carbon emission, they are gradually replacing traditional vehicles powered by fossil fuel. As the H2 fuel cell vehicle industry rapidly develops, H2 fuel supply, especially H2 quality, attracts increasing attention. Compared with H2 for industrial use, the H2 purity requirements for fuel cells are not high. Still, the impurity content is strictly controlled since even a low amount of some impurities may irreversibly damage fuel cells’ performance and running life. This paper reviews different versions of current standards concerning H2 for fuel cell vehicles in China and abroad. Furthermore, we analyze the causes and developing trends for the changes in these standards in detail. On the other hand, according to characteristics of H2 for fuel cell vehicles, standard H2 purification technologies, such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA), membrane separation and metal hydride separation, were analyzed, and the latest research progress was reviewed.

scholarly journals Energy Security Problem amid Global Energy Transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-784
Author(s):  
Yury V. Borovsky
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

In the early 2020s the worlds transition from carbon-intensive to climate-neutral energy use has already become a discernible and a difficult-to-reverse process. With Joe Bidens election as US president, the United States have returned to the Paris Climate Agreement and have become a key driver of this process (along with the EU and China). As a result, the international community has reached a consensus on the ongoing energy transition. This process will require considerable effort and may take several decades. Nevertheless, the impact of energy transition on traditional approaches to energy security, which emerged largely as a result of the global oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s and are centered around the supply of fossil fuels, is already a relevant research topic. This problem is examined relying on the relevant terminological, theoretical and factual material. The article concludes that energy transition will ultimately undermine the carbon paradigm that has underpinned energy security policies since the 1970s. Rapid development of renewable and other low-carbon energy sources will certainly remove key energy security risks of energy importers and, possibly, allow them to achieve energy independence. However, a post-carbon era may also generate new risks. For countries that rely heavily on oil, gas and coal exports, energy transition will result in the loss of markets and revenues. It may present an energy security threat for them as well as it will require a costly and technologically complex process of the energy sector decarbonization. Some exporters, especially those with high fuel rents and insufficient financial reserves, may face serious economic and social upheavals as a result of energy transition. The EU and the US energy transition policies reflect provisions of all three fundamental international relations theoretical paradigms, including realism. This means that the EU and the US policy, aimed at promoting climate agenda, may be expected to be rather tough and aggressive. China as the third key player in energy transition is still following a liberal course; however, it may change in the future.

scholarly journals East Asian Transportation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Popov ◽  
Oleg Baldynov ◽  
Konstantin Korneev ◽  
Darya Maksakova
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Hydrogen Technologies ◽  
Hydrogen Infrastructure ◽  
East Asian Economies

The energy transition paradigm consists in a substitution of fossil energy for renewable resources, and low carbon transportation is one of the most important issues within this process. The oil century introduced modern mobility to society, and since then petroleum supply has been a key to control transportation services. Energy security and environment issues, as well as business perspectives of innovative technological chains implementation at national and international stage, are major drivers for decarbonisation of the transportation services for East Asian economies. Policy, institutions and technological patterns toward less carbon footprints of the transportation sector are overviewed in the article. The emphasis is done on hydrogen technologies applications, corresponding drivers and ambitions of industrialised East Asian economies to establish hydrogen infrastructure at national stage. The major factors for the hydrogen technologies and hydrogen infrastructure developments in China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan are briefly discussed. The role of the road transportation systems in such development is highlighted. Current energy consumption for transportation is described, some official documents are reviewed, and a snapshot of recent development is provided for each of these economies.

scholarly journals The impact of a future H<sub>2</sub>-based road transportation sector on the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere – Part 2: Stratospheric ozone

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 19423-19454
Author(s):  
D. Wang ◽  
W. Jia ◽  
S. C. Olsen ◽  
D. J. Wuebbles ◽  
M. K. Dubey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
The Other ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The prospective future adoption of hydrogen to power the road transportation sector could greatly improve tropospheric air quality but also raises the question whether the adoption would have adverse effects on stratospheric ozone. The possibility of these undesirable impacts must be fully evaluated to guide future policy decisions. Here we evaluate the possible impact of a future (2050) H2-based road transportation sector on stratospheric composition and chemistry, especially on stratospheric ozone, with the MOZART chemical transport model. Since future growth is highly uncertain we evaluate the impact for two world evolution scenarios, one based on a high emitting scenario (IPCC A1FI) and the other on a low emitting scenario (IPCC B1), as well as two technological options: H2 fuel cells and H2 internal combustion engines. We assume a H2 leakage rate of 2.5% and a complete market penetration of H2 vehicles in 2050. The model simulations show that a H2-based road transportation sector would reduce stratospheric ozone concentrations as a result of perturbed catalytic ozone destruction cycles. The magnitude of the impact depends on which growth scenario the world evolves and which H2 technology option is applied. For the same world evolution scenario, stratospheric ozone decreases more in the H2 fuel cell scenarios than in the H2 internal combustion engine scenarios because of the NOx emissions in the latter case. If the same technological option is applied, the impact is larger in the A1FI emission scenario. The largest impact, a 0.54% decrease in annual average global mean stratospheric column ozone, is found with a H2 fuel cell type road transportation sector in the A1FI scenario; whereas the smallest impact, a 0.04% increase in stratospheric ozone, is found with applications of H2 internal combustion engine vehicles in the B1 scenario. The impacts of the other two scenarios fall between the above two bounding scenarios. However, the magnitude of these changes is much smaller than the increases in 2050 stratospheric ozone expected as stratospheric ozone recovers due to the limits in ozone depleting substance emissions imposed in the Montreal Protocol.

scholarly journals China’s Energy Transition Policy Expectation and Its CO2 Emission Reduction Effect Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Wang ◽  
Xue Liu ◽  
Xiaodi Yang ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Xinchen Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Structure Transition ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Transition Policy ◽  
The Impact

Measuring the expected impact of China’s energy transition on carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation and identifying the key influencing factors in different economic sectors will help to provide better policy recommendations for CO2 emission reduction. Based on the prediction results of China’s CO2 emissions in 2030 under the baseline scenario and the target scenario, this study constructs the control group and the treatment group of the energy transition policy quasinatural experiment and then uses the difference in difference (DID) model to evaluate the CO2 emission reduction effect of China’s energy transition policy. The results reveal that the energy transition policy has a significant impact on CO2 emission reduction and helps to achieve China’s 2030 carbon emission reduction target. The impact of energy structure transition on CO2 emission reduction has significant sectoral heterogeneity, which has a positive reduction effect in the industry sector, wholesale and retail sectors, and accommodation and catering sectors, but its reduction effect is not obvious in transportation, storage, and postal sectors. It is suggested that China should implement the sector-differentiated CO2 mitigation strategy, focus on improving the industrial sector’s energy efficiency, and promote the clean, low-carbon transition of energy consumption structure in construction, transportation, storage, and postal industries.

Optimal Design and Control Strategies for Novel Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Fuel Cell Systems: Part I of II—Datum Design Conditions and Approach

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney G. Colella
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
Operating Strategies ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Energy network optimization (ENO) models identify new strategies for designing, installing, and controlling stationary combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) with the goals of 1) minimizing electricity and heating costs for building owners and 2) reducing emissions of the primary greenhouse gas (GHG) — carbon dioxide (CO2). A goal of this work is to employ relatively inexpensive simulation studies to discover more financially and environmentally effective approaches for installing CHP FCSs. ENO models quantify the impact of different choices made by power generation operators, FCS manufacturers, building owners, and governments with respect to two primary goals — energy cost savings for building owners and CO2 emission reductions. These types of models are crucial for identifying cost and CO2 optima for particular installations. Optimal strategies change with varying economic and environmental conditions, FCS performance, the characteristics of building demand for electricity and heat, and many other factors. ENO models evaluate both “business-as-usual” and novel FCS operating strategies. For the scenarios examined here, relative to a base case of no FCSs installed, model results indicate that novel strategies could reduce building energy costs by 25% and CO2 emissions by 80%. Part I of II articles discusses model assumptions and methodology. Part II of II articles illustrates model results for a university campus town and generalizes these results for diverse communities.

scholarly journals The Implementation of Electricity as Road Transportation Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Siniša Vilke ◽  
Frane Tadić
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Road-based electricity increasingly is being considered as an alternative fuel of the future that would replace or reduce dependence on oil and its derivatives, resulting in a reduction at the negative impact on the environment. More and more countries are introducing stricter measures on greenhouse gas emissions, while increasing incentives to buy EVs. This paper looks at the environmental impact of electricity in road transport in ecological, economic, and social terms, highlighting the greater need for more energy efficient EVs than conventional vehicles. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the application of electricity concerning fossil fuel in road transport, i.e., to describe the impact of EVs on the environment regarding conventional vehicles. Analysis of the use of the EV or the development of electrical infrastructure that is improving and introduced at high speed has shown that only countries with a high standard can monitor trends of EV. Therefore, despite all the advantages of EVs, the strategies and measures adopted by the EU, the implementation of electricity as road transportation fuel does not have a significant echo in countries with a lower standard, at least until the reach and prices of EVs are closer to conventional ones.

Robust Design of a Fuel Cell - Turbocharger Hybrid System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Giugno ◽  
Luca Mantelli ◽  
Alberto Traverso
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pareto Front ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Steady State Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Operating

Abstract Pressurized solid oxide fuel cell systems are a particularly attractive conversion technology for their high electric efficiency, potential for cogeneration applications, low carbon emissions and high performance at part-load. In this work an innovative biofueled hybrid system is considered, where the fuel cell stack is pressurized with a turbocharger, resulting in a system with improved cost effectiveness than a microturbinebased one at small scales. In a previous work, a detailed steady state model of the system, featuring components validated with industrial data, was developed to simulate the system and analyze its behavior in different conditions. The results obtained from this model were used to create response surfaces capable of evaluating the impact of the main operating parameters (fuel cell area, stack current density and recuperator surface) on the performance and the profitability of the plant considering system uncertainties. In this paper, similar but extended response surfaces will be used to perform a multi-objective optimization of the system considering the capital costs of the plant and the net power produced as objectives (turbocharger is fixed in geometry). The impact of the energy market scenario on the optimal design of such a system will be investigated considering its installation in three different countries. Finally, the Pareto front produced by optimization will be used to evaluate the robustness of the top performance solutions.

Method of Engineering Cost Reduction: A Case Study of Low Production Volume, High-Temperature Fuel Cell Non-Repeating Components

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith E. Davis ◽  
Alfred Gates
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Engineering Cost ◽  
The Impact

It will be demonstrated that a design focus on three parameters will facilitate the utilization of existing value added and value engineering techniques, resulting in a streamlined pragmatic method to achieve large cost savings. This method will help the costs to be engineered out of the product, regardless of commercial issues in which the engineer has no direct control. By focusing on three critical parameters that can be optimized through the use of innovative engineering techniques, low-production precision fabricated components for use in high temperature fuel cell applications can be significantly cost reduced while maintaining or improving performance. The real world application of this technique will be demonstrated on the redesign of two major fuel cell module sub-systems to showcase the impact of these three parameters alone on final cost, regardless of other commercial factors. The three parameters are as follows: 1. Weight. 2. Part count (total and unique parts). 3. Labor and Processing. These three parameters are treated as “Rules” in this study. The effectiveness of this technique will be demonstrated by quantifying how well the rules were followed and the resulting cost savings.

scholarly journals Overcapacity as a Barrier to Renewable Energy Deployment: The Spanish Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo del Río ◽  
Luis Janeiro
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Low Carbon Energy ◽  
The Impact

Renewable energy sources (RES) play a critical role in the low-carbon energy transition. Although there is quite an abundant literature on the barriers to RES, the analysis of the electricity generation overcapacity as a barrier to further RES penetration has received scant attention. This paper tries to cover this gap. Its aim is to analyse the causes and consequences of overcapacity, with a special focus on the impact on RES deployment, using Spain as a case study. It also analyses the policies which may mitigate this problem in both the short and the longer terms.

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