scholarly journals Characterization of Particle Emissions from a DGEN 380 Small Turbofan Fueled with ATJ Blends

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3368
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Jasiński ◽  
Paula Kurzawska ◽  
Radosław Przysowa
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Nucleation Mode ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Bypass Ratio

The fine particulate matter (PM) emitted from jet aircraft poses a serious threat to the environment and human health which can be mitigated by using biofuels. This paper aims to quantify PM emissions from a small turbofan fueled with the alcohol to jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene and its various blends (5%, 20%, and 30% of ATJ) with Jet A-1 fuel. Emissions from a turbofan engine (DGEN 380) with a high bypass ratio, applicable in small private jets, were studied. Among the four fuels tested, the PM-number emission index (EIN) was the lowest for the ATJ 30% blend. EIN for ATJ 30% dropped from 1.1 × 1017 to 4.7 × 1016 particles/kg of fuel. Burning alternative fuel blends reduced the particle mass emissions over the entire range of fuel flow by at least 117 mg/kg of fuel. The particles formed in the nucleation mechanism dominate PM emission, which is characteristic of jet engines. Thus, number-based particle size distributions (PSDs) exhibit a single mode log-normal distribution. The highest values of EIN were found for Jet A-1 neat compared to other fuels. The use of the ATJ additive did not cause significant changes in the size of the particles from nucleation mode. However, a magnitude reduction of nucleation mode was found with the increase in the ATJ ratio.

scholarly journals A Universal Model for the Log-Normal Distribution of Elasticity in Polymeric Gels and Its Relevance to Mechanical Signature of Biological Tissues

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Arnaud Millet
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Polymeric Gels ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Clear Explanation ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The mechanosensitivity of cells has recently been identified as a process that could greatly influence a cell’s fate. To understand the interaction between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix, the characterization of the mechanical properties of natural polymeric gels is needed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the leading tools used to characterize mechanically biological tissues. It appears that the elasticity (elastic modulus) values obtained by AFM presents a log-normal distribution. Despite its ubiquity, the log-normal distribution concerning the elastic modulus of biological tissues does not have a clear explanation. In this paper, we propose a physical mechanism based on the weak universality of critical exponents in the percolation process leading to gelation. Following this, we discuss the relevance of this model for mechanical signatures of biological tissues.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF THE DIAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS OBTAINED AT SUBMILISECOND DURATION OF DISCHARGE PULSES SPARK-EROSIVE ALUMINUM PARTICLES AND CAVERNS ON THE SURFACE OF ITS GRANULES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
N.A. Shidlovska ◽  
◽  
S.M. Zakharchenko ◽  
A.O. Perekos ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Mode ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Aluminum Particles ◽  
Mode Size ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Gauss Distribution ◽  
Diameter Distributions

The conditions and technique for obtaining single-mode size distributions of spark-erosive aluminum particles are given. The statistical parameters of the size distributions of spark-erosive aluminum particles and caverns on the surface of its granules, obtained at a submilisecond duration of discharge pulses were calculated. A comparative analysis of the volumes of metal of erosion caverns and particles is carried out. The agreement of the diameter distributions of spark-erosive particles and caverns obtained in practice with the following theoretical distributions of a continuous random variable: Gauss, Weibull, the integral of the Rosin-Rammler function, and also log-normal distribution is verified. In this case, the parameters of theoretical distributions were calculated both by the statistical parameters of the distributions obtained in practice, and by the criterion of the smallest value of the average module of the relative deviation of the theoretical and practical distributions. It has been shown that for the values of the parameters of theoretical distributions that correspond to the statistical parameters of practical distributions, the distribution of erosive particles by diameters is in the best agreement with the Gauss distribution, and the caverns – with the distribution of integral of the Rosin-Rammler function. References 27, figures 2, tables 3.

scholarly journals The Statistical Distributions of PM2.5 in Rayong and Chonburi Provinces, Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanida Pongsakchat ◽  
Pattaraporn Kidpholjaroen
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Statistical Distributions ◽  
Average Data ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Pearson Type ◽  
Anderson Darling ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations is one of the most important issues that are often discussed since it has a greater impact on human health. Statistical distribution modeling plays an important role in predicting PM2.5 concentrations. This research aims to find the optimum statistical distribution model of PM2.5 in Rayong Province and Chonburi Province. The daily average data from 2014 – 2019 for Rayong and from 2015 – 2019 for Chonburi were using. Five statistical distributions were compared. A proper statistical distribution that represents PM2.5 concentrations has been chosen based on three criteria include Anderson-Darling statistic and RMSE. The results show that Pearson type VI distribution performs better compared to other distributions for PM2.5 concentrations in Rayong. For Chonburi, the proper statistical distribution is Log normal distribution.  

scholarly journals The Potential of Sequential Combustion for High Bypass Jet Engines

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Vogeler
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Core Mass ◽  
New Family ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Lp Turbine ◽  
Bypass Ratio

ABB has designed a new family of industrial gasturbines for power generation using a Sequential Combustion Cycle (SCC) on a large single shaft engine. This concept allows considerable increase in power density and efficiency by only increasing pressure without raising the maximum hot gas temperature of the cycle. Instead a second combustion after an HP-turbine is used to reheat the gas before the final expansion in an LP-turbine. This concept is applied to the analysis of a high bypass ratio jet engine. In an engine with a single combustor, thrust is a function of bypass ratio and the combination of maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle. The proposed SCC allows increased thrust without pushing technology on materials and cooling. A modern twin spool engine is taken as reference. When total inlet massflow is kept constant, increasing bypass ratio decreases core mass flow. This limits the fuel flow for the HP-spool and hence total energy input to the engine. Introduction of the SCC gives another parameter of freedom to the cycle design. However the twin spool concept is now a disadvantage. The low fuel flow for the HP-spool due to high bypass ratio means there is not enough energy available to build up the necessary pressure for an economical expansion in the LP-turbine after the second combustion. Specific fuel consumption will be unacceptable. It is proposed to apply the SCC concept in a single spool engine with a geared fan. Both turbines can now support the compression. The fan is operated as a constant speed propeller with variable blade pitch. This engine concept allows for a given inlet massflow a substantially higher bypass ratio and hence decreases specific fuel consumption while specific thrust can be kept on a level which will be considerably higher than it would be in todays engines with comparable bypass ratio.

scholarly journals Pd-complex driven formation of single-chain nanoparticles

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. 4358-4365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Willenbacher ◽  
Ozcan Altintas ◽  
Vanessa Trouillet ◽  
Nicolai Knöfel ◽  
Michael J. Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The preparation and in-depth characterization of well-defined, palladium(ii) crosslinked single-chain nanoparticles (Pd-SCNPs) is reported. In addition, a novel procedure for interpreting the SEC chromatograms of SCNPs by log-normal distribution (LND) simulations is introduced.

scholarly journals An adaptive q-Lognormal model towards the computation of Average Channel Capacity in slow fading channels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanmay Mukherjee ◽  
Dilip Senapati
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Lognormal Model ◽  
Average Channel Capacity ◽  
Slow Fading ◽  
Slow Fading Channels ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

Abstract The characterization of multipath fading and shadowing in wireless communication systems is essential towards the evaluation of various performance measures. It is well known that the statistical characterization of shadowing phenomena is captured by distributions viz., log-normal distribution, gamma distribution and other mixture distributions. However, it is observed that the log-normal distribution fails to characterize the outliers in the fading signal. The extreme fluctuations in the fading signal needs to be characterized efficiently for error free computation of the various performance metrics. In this context, this paper portrays an adaptive generalized Tsallis’ non-extensive q-Lognormal model towards the characterization of various fading channels. This model operates well with the synthesized fading signals and captures the wide range of tail fluctuations to adapt different fading scenarios. The significance and applicability of the proposed novel q- Lognormal model in capturing the slow fading channels is validated using different statistical tests viz., chi-square test and symmetric JS measure. Furthermore, essential performance measures viz., the average channel capacity, closed form expression of cumulative distribution function (CDF) in terms of Gauss-Hypergeometric function 2 F 1 [a ; b ; c; z], higher order moments corresponding to q-Lognormal channel capacity and coefficient of variation is evaluated corresponding to the proposed q-Lognormal model performing extensive Monte-Carlo simulation techniques up to O (10^7).

Characterization of hetero-block copolymers by the log-normal distribution model

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (17) ◽  
pp. 2992-3002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Monteiro ◽  
Mikhail Gavrilov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Molecular Weight Distributions ◽  
Weight Distributions ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

Fitting multiple and of different chemical composition molecular weight distributions using the log-normal distribution (LND) model.

scholarly journals Effect of Tunnel Pit Radius Variation on the Electric Characteristics of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisaku Mukaiyama
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Electrolytic Capacitor ◽  
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor ◽  
Electrolytic Capacitors ◽  
Cylindrical Holes ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

The electric characteristics of aluminum electrolytic capacitors had been analyzed by the transmission line model. The anode foil pits are considered as cylindrical holes and the pit impedance is estimated by the transmission line mode, too. The pit impedance depends on the pit geometry, in particular, radius. The distribution of the pit radius of etched foils is not in accordance with a normal distribution, but a log normal distribution. In this paper, the effect of the pit radius distribution on the impedance of aluminum electrolytic capacitors is calculated by Monte Carlo method. #ECS235, Presentation Type: Oral,Date/Time/Location: May 28, 2019 (11:00h-11:20h, Pearl 5) Symposium: F03: Characterization of Porous Materials 8,Presentation Type: Oral, Abstract Number: #F03-1107

SIZE SEGREGATED CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER IN LEIPZIG AND MELPITZ AEROSOL

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 353-354
Author(s):  
E. BRÜGGEMANN ◽  
T. GNAUK ◽  
K. MULLER ◽  
H. HERRMANN
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate
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