scholarly journals Effects of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils on Fuel Atomisation—A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Heena Panchasara ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils ◽  
Made In

Bio-oils produced by biomass pyrolysis are substantially different from those produced by petroleum-based fuels and biodiesel. However, they could serve as valuable alternatives to fossil fuels to achieve carbon neutral future. The literature review indicates that the current use of bio-oils in gas turbines and compression-ignition (diesel) engines is limited due to problems associated with atomisation and combustion. The review also identifies the progress made in pyrolysis bio-oil spray combustion via standardisation of fuel properties, optimising atomisation and combustion, and understanding long-term reliability of engines. The key strategies that need to be adapted to efficiently atomise and combust bio-oils include, efficient atomisation techniques such as twin fluid atomisation, pressure atomisation and more advanced and novel effervescent atomisation, fuel and air preheating, flame stabilization using swrilers, and filtering the solid content from the pyrolysis oils. Once these strategies are implemented, bio-oils can enhance combustion efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Overall, this study clearly indicates that pyrolysis bio-oils have the ability to substitute fossil fuels, but fuel injection problems need to be tackled in order to insure proper atomisation and combustion of the fuel.

scholarly journals Reduced NOx Emissions Using Low Radial Swirler Vane Angles

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Alkabie ◽  
G. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Primary Zone ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Curved Blade ◽  
Swirl Vane ◽  
Vane Angle

The influence of vane angle and hence swirl number of a radial swirler on the weak extinction, combustion inefficiency and NOx emissions was investigated at lean gas turbine combustor primary zone conditions. A 140mm diameter atmospheric pressure low NOx combustor primary zone was developed with a Mach number simulation of 30% and 43% of the combustor air flow into the primary zone through a curved blade radial swirler. The range of radial swirler vane angles was 0–60 degrees and central radially outward fuel injection was used throughout with a 600K inlet temperature. For zero vane angle radially inward jets were formed that impinged and generated a strong outer recirculation. This was found to have much lower NOx characteristics compared with a 45 degree swirler at the same pressure loss. However, the lean stability and combustion efficiency in the near weak extinction region was not as good. With swirl the central recirculation zone enhanced the combustion efficiency. For all the swirl vane angles there was little difference in combustion inefficiency between the swirlers. However, the NOx emissions were reduced at the lowest swirl angles and vane angles in the range 20–30 degrees were considered to be the optimum for central injection. NOx emissions for central injection as low as 5ppm at 15% oxygen and 1 bar were demonstrated for zero swirl and 20 degree swirler vane angle. This would scale to well under 25 ppm at pressure for all current industrial gas turbines.

Investigation of Reverse Flow Slinger Combustor with Jet A-1 and Methanol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Dubey ◽  
Pooja Nema ◽  
Abhijit Kushari
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Lean Blowout ◽  
Lean Fuel

Abstract This paper describes experimental investigation of a Reverse Flow Slinger (RFS) combustor that has been developed in order to attain high flame stability and low emissions in gas turbine engines. The combustor employs centrifugal fuel injection through a rotary atomizer and performs flame stabilization at the stagnation zone generated by reverse flow configuration. The design facilitates entrainment of hot product gases and internal preheating of the inlet air which enhances flame stability and permits stable lean operation for low NOx. Moreover, the use of rotary atomizer eliminates the need for high injection pressure resulting in a compact and lightweight design. Atmospheric pressure combustion was performed with liquid fuels, Jet A-1 and Methanol at ultra-lean fuel air ratios (FAR) with thermal intensity of 28 - 50 MW/m3atm. Combustor performance was evaluated by analyzing the lean blowout, emissions and combustion efficiency. Test results showed high flame stability of combustor and a very low lean blowout corresponding to global equivalence ratio of around 0.1 was obtained. Sustained and stable combustion at low heat release was attained and NOx emissions as low as of 0.4 g/Kg and 0.1 g/Kg were obtained with Jet A-1 and Methanol respectively. Combustion efficiency of 55% and 90% was obtained in operation with Jet A-1 and Methanol. Performance of the combustor was significantly better with Methanol in terms of emissions and efficiency.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Acoustic Interactions in a Two-Staged Multi-Injection Combustor Fed With Liquid Fuel

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Providakis ◽  
L. Zimmer ◽  
P. Scouflaire ◽  
S. Ducruix
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Field ◽  
Acoustic Field ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fuel Distribution ◽  
Droplet Behavior

Burners operating in lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) regimes are considered as good candidates to reduce pollutant emissions from gas turbines. Lean combustion regimes result in lower burnt gas temperatures and therefore a reduction on the NOx emissions, one of the main pollutant species. However, these burners usually show strong flame dynamics, making them prone to various stabilization problems (combustion instabilities, flashback, flame extinction). To face this issue, multi-injection staged combustion can be envisaged. Staging procedures enable fuel distribution control, while multipoint injections can lead to a fast and efficient mixing. A laboratory-scale staged multipoint combustor is developed in the present study, in the framework of LPP combustion, with an injection device close to the industrial one. Using a staging procedure between the primary pilot stage and the secondary multipoint one, droplet and velocity field distributions can be varied in the spray that is formed at the entrance of the combustion chamber. The resulting spray and the flame are characterized using OH-Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence, High Speed Particle Image Velocimetry and Phase Doppler Anemometry measurements. Three staging values, corresponding to three different flame stabilization processes, are analyzed, while power is kept constant. It is shown that mean values are strongly influenced by the fuel distribution and the flame position. Using adequate post-processing, the interaction between the acoustic field and the droplet behavior is characterized. Spectral analysis reveals a strong acoustic-flame coupling leading to a low frequency oscillation of both the velocity field and the spray droplet distribution. In addition, acoustic measurements in the feeding line show that a strong oscillation of the acoustic field leading to a change in fuel injection, and hence droplet behavior.

scholarly journals Experimental and Computational Study of Trapped Vortex Combustor Sector Rig with High-Speed Diffuser Flow

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hendricks ◽  
D. T. Shouse ◽  
W. M. Roquemore ◽  
D. L. Burrus ◽  
B. S. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Choked Flow ◽  
Trapped Vortex

The Trapped Vortex Combustor (TVC) potentially offers numerous operational advantages over current production gas turbine engine combustors. These include lower weight, lower pollutant emissions, effective flame stabilization, high combustion efficiency, excellent high altitude relight capability, and operation in the lean burn or RQL modes of combustion. The present work describes the operational principles of the TVC, and extends diffuser velocities toward choked flow and provides system performance data. Performance data include EINOx results for various fuel-air ratios and combustor residence times, combustion efficiency as a function of combustor residence time, and combustor lean blow-out (LBO) performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using liquid spray droplet evaporation and combustion modeling are performed and related to flow structures observed in photographs of the combustor. The CFD results are used to understand the aerodynamics and combustion features under different fueling conditions. Performance data acquired to date are favorable compared to conventional gas turbine combustors. Further testing over a wider range of fuel-air ratios, fuel flow splits, and pressure ratios is in progress to explore the TVC performance. In addition, alternate configurations for the upstream pressure feed, including bi-pass diffusion schemes, as well as variations on the fuel injection patterns, are currently in test and evaluation phases.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Acoustic Interactions in a Two-Stage Multi-Injection Combustor Fed With Liquid Fuel

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Providakis ◽  
Laurent Zimmer ◽  
Philippe Scouflaire ◽  
Sébastien Ducruix
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Field ◽  
Acoustic Field ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fuel Distribution ◽  
Droplet Behavior

Burners operating in lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) regimes are considered as good candidates to reduce pollutant emissions from gas turbines. Lean combustion regimes result in lower burnt gas temperatures and therefore a reduction on the NOx emissions, one of the main pollutant species. However, these burners usually show strong flame dynamics, making them prone to various stabilization problems (combustion instabilities, flashback, flame extinction). To face this issue, multi-injection staged combustion can be envisaged. Staging procedures enable fuel distribution control, while multipoint injections can lead to a fast and efficient mixing. A laboratory-scale staged multipoint combustor is developed in the present study, in the framework of LPP combustion, with an injection device close to the industrial one. Using a staging procedure between the primary pilot stage and the secondary multipoint one, droplet and velocity field distributions can be varied in the spray that is formed at the entrance of the combustion chamber. The resulting spray and flame are characterized using OH-planar laser induced fluorescence, high speed particle image velocimetry, and phase Doppler anemometry measurements. Three staging values, corresponding to three different flame stabilization processes, are analyzed, while power is kept constant. It is shown that mean values are strongly influenced by the fuel distribution and the flame position. Using adequate postprocessing, the interaction between the acoustic field and the droplet behavior is characterized. Spectral analysis reveals a strong acoustic-flame coupling leading to a low frequency oscillation of both the velocity field and the spray droplet distribution. In addition, acoustic measurements in the feeding line show that a strong oscillation of the acoustic field leads to a change in fuel injection, and hence droplet behavior.

Evaluation of Spray Performance of Pyrolysis Oil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangsig Yun ◽  
Minji Choi ◽  
Ashwani Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

Abstract Pyrolysis oil has become an important subject of research as it is considered to be a potential environmentally friendly and cheap alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Unfortunately, due to the significant differences of the chemical and physical properties of pyrolysis oil than that of fossil fuels, the deployment of pyrolysis oil in existing power systems such as gas turbines and internal combustion engines has been highly restricted. Thus, major research on pyrolysis oil has been conducted to overcome these challenges related to the unfavorable physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil. This paper reports experimental work on the effects of physical properties of the pyrolysis oil on spray performance of nozzles. Effort to evaluate the spray performance by using different types of atomizers has been made as well. Laser based diagnostics was applied to obtain qualitative comparisons spray characteristics of various pyrolysis oils. Experimental data such as the distribution of fuel droplet sizes and overall spray shapes was analyzed, which could provide valuable guidelines to design fuel nozzles. Lastly, the paper will also present NRC’s plans to accelerate the deployment of such pyrolysis oils in industrial gas turbines.

scholarly journals ABB’s Advanced EV Burner — A Dual Fuel Dry Low NOx Burner for Stationary Gas Turbines

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Steinbach ◽  
Thomas Ruck ◽  
Jonathan Lloyd ◽  
Peter Jansohn ◽  
Klaus Döbbeling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Vortex Breakdown ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Ev Burner ◽  
Load Conditions

A dual fuel burner has been developed to meet stringent NOx goals without the use of water or steam injection. This combustion system is based on the proven ABB EV burner dry low NOx technology and uses the same type of aerodynamic vortex breakdown flame stabilization. A more advanced aerodynamic design improves the quality of the fuel air mixture for both gaseous and liquid fuels. The design of the liquid fuel injection and the fuel-air-mixture preparation is described in this paper. Fuel air mixture homogeneity was improved with the help of experimental and numerical tools. This way an optimization in fuel atomizer design was possible. Distinct differences in fuel distribution were observed for different designs of pressure atomizers. Combustion tests of the burner were performed at pressures up to 20 bars. The NOx levels measured under gas turbine full load conditions are <25 vppm using oil no. 2 and <10 vppm using natural gas. These results highlight the potential for achieving similar combustion low emission performance for gaseous and liquid fuels near perfect lean premix conditions. Operating parameters and test results at part load conditions are discussed as well in this paper. The wide operating range of the burner in the full premix mode restricts the need for pilot application or burner staging to low load (<50 %) conditions. This allows for low emissions on NOx, CO and UHC in the entire load range.

scholarly journals Ultra Low NOx Emissions for Gas and Liquid Fuels Using Radial Swirlers

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Alkabie ◽  
G. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

Curved blade radial swirlers using all the primary air were investigated with applications to lean burning gas turbine combustor primary zones with low NOx emissions. Two modes of fuel injection were compared, central and radial swirler pássage injection for gaseous and liquid fuels. Both fuel systems produced low NOx emissions but the upstream mixing in the swirler passages resulted in ultra low NOx emissions. A 140mm diameter atmospheric pressure combustor was used with 43% of the combustor air flow into the primary zone through the radial swirler. Radial gas composition measurements at various axial distances were made and these showed that the flame stability and NOx emissions were controlled by differences in local mixing at the base of the swirling shear layer downstream of the swirler outlet. For radial passage fuel injection it was found that a very high combustion efficiency was obtained for both propane and liquid fuels at 400K and 600K inlet temperatures. The flame stability, although worse than for central fuel injection was considerably better than for a premixed system. The NOx emissions at one bar pressure and 600K inlet temperature, compatible with a high combustion efficiency, for propane and kerosene were 3 and 6 ppm at 15% oxygen. For Gas Oil the NOx emissions were higher, but were still very low at 12ppm. Assuming a square root dependence of NOx on pressure these results indicate that NOx emissions of 48ppm for Gas Oil and less than 12ppm for gaseous fuels could be achieved at 16 bar pressure, which is typical of recent industrial gas turbines. High air flow radial swirlers with passage fuel injection have the potential for a dry solution to the NOx emissions regulations.

An Investigation of Component Deterioration in Gas Turbines Using Transient Performance Simulation

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice F. White
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Transient Performance ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Turbine Plant ◽  
Physical Volume ◽  
Gas Turbine Plant ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses a program which has been developed for the prediction of steady state and transient performance of a gas turbine driven generator. The gas turbine plant was modelled using the component model principle and is based on the method for continuity of mass flow. The model requires the use of compressor and turbine characteristics together with curves for combustion efficiency. A number of simplifications are made in connecion with transient calculations. The influence of the machines physical volume on continuity of mass flow and effects of heat transfer between the gas and structural components are neglected. The model was used to investigate how component deterioration affects the important condition parameters during load transients and during rapid acceleration or deceleration. Fault conditions were simulated by manipulating the various efficiencies and loss factors for the different components in the machine. Many of the condition parameters that were investigated showed changes during acceleration which were considerably different from comparable changes in a fault free gas turbine.

Soil and ecological division into districts of the Baikal region

2018 ◽  
Vol 940 (10) ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Belozertseva ◽  
A.A. Sorokovoj
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Soil Cover Structure ◽  
Reflecting Surface ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Made In

On the basis of long-term researches of soils in the territory of Russia and Mongolia soil and ecological division into districts of the Baikal region is carried out. At division into districts the whole set of an environment of soil formation was considered. On the map of soil and ecological division into districts 13 mountain, mid-mountain, low-mountain taiga, foothill, hollow-valley, forest-steppe and steppe provinces reflecting surface device originality as the ratio of balance of heat and moisture forming a basis to zoning is shown against the background of difficult orography are allocated. In total 42 districts on lithologic-geomorphological features are allocated. In formation of distinctions of a soil cover of these provinces the leading role is played by bioclimatic factors and inside them the lithologic-geomorphological ones. In the view of structural approach of the district they are considered as territories with a certain natural change of several types of the soil cover structure caused by features of a relief and the parent rock. The map is made in the MapInfo program. It is revealed that on ill-defined width zoning of soils the vertical one which has a greater influence on soils of this region is imposed. Soils of the Baikal region are not similar to the soils located at the same latitude of the flat European territory of Russia. Zone soils of this territory are specific and original.

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