scholarly journals An Ultra-Efficient Lightweight Electric Vehicle—Power Demand Analysis to Enable Lightweight Construction

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Pietro Stabile ◽  
Federico Ballo ◽  
Gianpiero Mastinu ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Power Demand

A detailed analysis of the power demand of an ultraefficient lightweight-battery electric vehicle is performed. The aim is to overcome the problem of lightweight electric vehicles that may have a relatively bad environmental impact if their power demand is not extremely reduced. In particular, electric vehicles have a higher environmental impact during the production phase, which should be balanced by a lower impact during the service life by means of a lightweight design. As an example of an ultraefficient electric vehicle, a prototype for the Shell Eco-marathon competition is considered. A “tank-to-wheel” multiphysics model (thermo-electro-mechanical) of the vehicle was developed in “Matlab-Simscape”. The model includes the battery, the DC motors, the motor controller and the vehicle drag forces. A preliminary model validation was performed by considering experimental data acquisitions completed during the 2019 Shell Eco-marathon European competition at the Brooklands Circuit (UK). Numerical simulations are employed to assess the sharing of the energy consumption among the main dissipation sources. From the analysis, we found that the main sources of mechanical dissipation (i.e., rolling resistance, gravitational/inertial force and aerodynamic drag) have the same role in the defining the power consumption of such kind of vehicles. Moreover, the effect of the main vehicle parameters (i.e., mass, aerodynamic coefficient and tire rolling resistance coefficient) on the energy consumption was analyzed through a sensitivity analysis. Results showed a linear correlation between the variation of the parameters and the power demand, with mass exhibiting the highest influence. The results of this study provide fundamental information to address critical decisions for designing new and more efficient lightweight vehicles, as they allow the designer to clearly identify which are the main parameters to keep under control during the design phase and which are the most promising areas of action.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Controllers for a Light-Weighted All-Electric Vehicle Using Chebyshev Neural Network

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Sharma ◽  
Shubhi Purwar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Adaptive Controller ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Chebyshev Neural Network ◽  
Nonlinear Controllers ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient

Two nonlinear controllers are proposed for a light-weighted all-electric vehicle: Chebyshev neural network based backstepping controller and Chebyshev neural network based optimal adaptive controller. The electric vehicle (EV) is driven by DC motor. Both the controllers use Chebyshev neural network (CNN) to estimate the unknown nonlinearities. The unknown nonlinearities arise as it is not possible to precisely model the dynamics of an EV. Mass of passengers, resistance in the armature winding of the DC motor, aerodynamic drag coefficient and rolling resistance coefficient are assumed to be varying with time. The learning algorithms are derived from Lyapunov stability analysis, so that system-tracking stability and error convergence can be assured in the closed-loop system. The control algorithms for the EV system are developed and a driving cycle test is performed to test the control performance. The effectiveness of the proposed controllers is shown through simulation results.

Analysis of energy consumption and emission of the heterogeneous traffic flow consisting of traditional vehicles and electric vehicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (34) ◽  
pp. 1750324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xiao ◽  
Hai-Jun Huang ◽  
Tie-Qiao Tang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Small Perturbation ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Rarefaction Waves ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

Electric vehicle (EV) has become a potential traffic tool, which has attracted researchers to explore various traffic phenomena caused by EV (e.g. congestion, electricity consumption, etc.). In this paper, we study the energy consumption (including the fuel consumption and the electricity consumption) and emissions of heterogeneous traffic flow (that consists of the traditional vehicle (TV) and EV) under three traffic situations (i.e. uniform flow, shock and rarefaction waves, and a small perturbation) from the perspective of macro traffic flow. The numerical results show that the proportion of electric vehicular flow has great effects on the TV’s fuel consumption and emissions and the EV’s electricity consumption, i.e. the fuel consumption and emissions decrease while the electricity consumption increases with the increase of the proportion of electric vehicular flow. The results can help us better understand the energy consumption and emissions of the heterogeneous traffic flow consisting of TV and EV.

scholarly journals Capabilities of Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) Electricity Generation to Charge Electric Vehicle (EV) Operating in Real Driving Conditions (RDC)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7591
Author(s):  
Wojciech Cieslik ◽  
Filip Szwajca ◽  
Jedrzej Zawartowski ◽  
Katarzyna Pietrzak ◽  
Slawomir Rosolski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Almost All

The growing number of electric vehicles in recent years is observable in almost all countries. The country’s energy transition should accompany this rise in electromobility if it is currently generated from non-renewable sources. Only electric vehicles powered by renewable energy sources can be considered zero-emission. Therefore, it is essential to conduct interdisciplinary research on the feasibility of combining energy recovery/generation structures and testing the energy consumption of electric vehicles under real driving conditions. This work presents a comprehensive approach for evaluating the energy consumption of a modern public building–electric vehicle system within a specific location. The original methodology developed includes surveys that demonstrate the required mobility range to be provided to occupants of the building under consideration. In the next step, an energy balance was performed for a novel near-zero energy building equipped with a 199.8 kWp photovoltaic installation, the energy from which can be used to charge an electric vehicle. The analysis considered the variation in vehicle energy consumption by season (winter/summer), the actual charging profile of the vehicle, and the parking periods required to achieve the target range for the user.

scholarly journals Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6423
Author(s):  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Kinga Skobiej ◽  
Karolina Kurtyka
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions

One of the environmental aims of the European Union is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. According to European Parliament data, transport emissions accounted for about 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2016, in which road transport had the largest share (approximately 72%). This phenomenon is particularly visible in urban agglomerations. The solution examples are the popularization of hybrid vehicles and the development of electromobility. The aim of this paper is an assessment of the energy consumption and exhaust emissions from passenger cars fitted with different powertrains in actual operation. For the tests, passenger cars with conventional engines of various emission classes were used as well as the latest hybrid vehicles and an electric car. It enabled a comparative assessment of the energy consumption under different traffic conditions, with particular emphasis on the urban phase and the entire RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test. The results were analyzed to identify changes in these environmental factors that have occurred with the technical advancement of vehicles. The lowest total energy consumption in real traffic conditions is characteristic of an electric vehicle; the plug-in hybrid vehicle with a gasoline engine is about 10% bigger, and the largest one is a combustion vehicle (30% bigger than an electric vehicle). These data may contribute to the classification of vehicles and identification of advantages of the latest developments in conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles.

scholarly journals Efficient Gear Ratio Selection of a Single-Speed Drivetrain for Improved Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9254
Author(s):  
Polychronis Spanoudakis ◽  
Gerasimos Moschopoulos ◽  
Theodoros Stefanoulis ◽  
Nikolaos Sarantinoudis ◽  
Eftichios Papadokokolakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Ratio Set ◽  
Selection Of

The electric vehicle (EV) market has grown over the last few years and even though electric vehicles do not currently possess a high market segment, it is projected that they will do so by 2030. Currently, the electric vehicle industry is looking to resolve the issue of vehicle range, using higher battery capacities and fast charging. Energy consumption is a key issue which heavily effects charging frequency and infrastructure and, therefore, the widespread use of EVs. Although several factors that influence energy consumption of EVs have been identified, a key technology that can make electric vehicles more energy efficient is drivetrain design and development. Based on electric motors’ high torque capabilities, single-speed transmissions are preferred on many light and urban vehicles. In the context of this paper, a prototype electric vehicle is used as a test bed to evaluate energy consumption related to different gear ratio usage on single-speed transmission. For this purpose, real-time data are recorded from experimental road tests and a dynamic model of the vehicle is created and fine-tuned using dedicated software. Dynamic simulations are performed to compare and evaluate different gear ratio set-ups, providing valuable insights into their effect on energy consumption. The correlation of experimental and simulation data is used for the validation of the dynamic model and the evaluation of the results towards the selection of the optimal gear ratio. Based on the aforementioned data, we provide useful information from numerous experimental and simulation results that can be used to evaluate gear ratio effects on electric vehicles’ energy consumption and, at the same time, help to formulate evolving concepts of smart grid and EV integration.

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF THE USE PHASE OF CONVENTIONAL TIRES COMPARED TO GUAYULE NR TIRES

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-588
Author(s):  
Ranjani B. Theregowda ◽  
Pragnya L. Eranki ◽  
Amy E. Landis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Use Phase

ABSTRACT Guayule NR can be grown in the United States and offers a potentially more secure and sustainable alternative to the substantial Hevea NR that is imported from Southeast Asia. This paper presents the first rolling resistance and use-phase energy consumption estimates for guayule tires. The results of this study show that use-phase life cycle energy reductions can be achieved with NRs and that the rolling resistance coefficient (RRcnew) and reference service life (RSL) of the new tire are the critical parameters that pertain to energy and fuel efficiency. A tire's use phase accounts for approximately 86% of its life cycle energy consumption and thus is an important consideration in sustainability assessments. We calculated the use-phase energy consumption for two types of NR tires: a 100% guayule rubber tire and an experimental epoxidized NR tire. These two NR tires were compared against a conventional passenger tire made by Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. The ISO product category rules for passenger tires were used to determine energy consumption, while relevant data were measured from concept tires built in collaboration with Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. The results of this analysis showed that both experimental NR tires have improved use-phase energy consumption compared to conventional rubber tires. Although the epoxidized NR tire with low RRcnew consumes the least energy during the use phase, it is currently not being considered for commercial manufacture. The 100% guayule rubber tire shows a 6% reduction in energy consumption compared to the conventional rubber tire. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed a linear change in use-phase energy consumption with the relevant tire load and RRcnew and an inverse change with the average vehicle fuel efficiency and the RSL.

Power Analysis of Light Electric Vehicles Using Fundamental Calculations

2012 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
M. Sabri ◽  
M. Rezal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Aerodynamic Resistance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
Vehicle Motion ◽  
In The Beginning

This paper presents a study of the power needed by batteries to drive an electric vehicle for specific purpose using basic theory and fundamental formulas. In order to develop an electric vehicle, the energy and power requirements of the vehicle in various driving environments need to be estimated. The energy efficiency of a vehicle depends primarily upon the specific vehicle design and the environment in which the vehicle is operated. Basic parameters are set off in the beginning such as car weight and much more comprehensive parameter will developed later such as vehicle cruising velocity. Generally, four forces affect vehicle motion; aerodynamic resistance, rolling resistance, climbing resistance and acceleration power. The total of these four forces will result in an estimation of maximum power needed for the electric vehicle.

scholarly journals Comparison and Analysis of GPS Measured Electric Vehicle Charging Demand: The Case of Western Sweden and Seattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Hartvigsson ◽  
Niklas Jakobsson ◽  
Maria Taljegard ◽  
Mikael Odenberger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Driving Patterns ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Charging Demand

Electrification of transportation using electric vehicles has a large potential to reduce transport related emissions but could potentially cause issues in generation and distribution of electricity. This study uses GPS measured driving patterns from conventional gasoline and diesel cars in western Sweden and Seattle, United States, to estimate and analyze expected charging coincidence assuming these driving patterns were the same for electric vehicles. The results show that the electric vehicle charging power demand in western Sweden and Seattle is 50–183% higher compared to studies that were relying on national household travel surveys in Sweden and United States. The after-coincidence charging power demand from GPS measured driving behavior converges at 1.8 kW or lower for Sweden and at 2.1 kW or lower for the United States The results show that nominal charging power has the largest impact on after-coincidence charging power demand, followed by the vehicle’s electricity consumption and lastly the charging location. We also find that the reduction in charging demand, when charging is moved in time, is largest for few vehicles and reduces as the number of vehicles increase. Our results are important when analyzing the impact from large scale introduction of electric vehicles on electricity distribution and generation.

scholarly journals Are electric vehicles eco-friendly products? A review from life cycle and sustainability perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
pp. 07002
Author(s):  
Niculina Alexandra Grigore ◽  
Claudiu Vasile Kifor
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Use Phase

Industry, especially the automotive industry is permanently changing and adapting to the external and internal factors. The appearance of the new types of vehicles – electric vehicles, is a big and important step not only regarding the evolution of the product, but also regarding the advantages of reducing environmental impact. It is promoted the idea that an electric vehicle generates less direct emissions in use phase compared with a conventional one. If we limit to this, we could say that we are dealing with an eco-friendly type of vehicle. The question is, can we extend this idea to the other stages of the life cycle? What about the sustainability of the industry? This article highlights the methods of environmental impact assessment used by researchers for electric vehicles in terms of life cycle and sustainability. The findings of this systematic review demonstrate that even if are a large number of articles addressing electric vehicles, only a small number of them evaluate the electric vehicle from life cycle and sustainability point of view.

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