scholarly journals A Dynamic Benchmark System for Per Capita Carbon Emissions in Low-Carbon Counties of China

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Lijie Gao ◽  
Xiaoqi Shang ◽  
Fengmei Yang ◽  
Longyu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Benchmark System ◽  
Per Capita

As the most basic unit of the national economy and administrative management, the low-carbon transformation of the vast counties is of great significance to China’s overall greenhouse gas emission reduction. Although the low-carbon evaluation (LCE) indicator system and benchmarks have been extensively studied, most benchmarks ignore the needs of the evaluated object at the development stage. When the local economy develops to a certain level, it may be restricted by static low-carbon target constraints. This study reviews the relevant research on LCE indicator system and benchmarks based on convergence. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), a dynamic benchmark system for per capita carbon emissions (PCCEs), is proposed for low-carbon counties. Taking Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China as an example, a dynamic benchmark for PCCEs was established by benchmarking the Carbon Kuznets Curve (CKC) of best practices. Based on the principles of best practice, comparability, data completeness, and the CKC hypothesis acceptance, the best practice database is screened, and Singapore is selected as a potential benchmark. By constructing an econometric model to conduct an empirical study on Singapore’s CKC hypothesis, the regression results of the least squares method support the CKC hypothesis and its rationality as a benchmark. The result of the PCCE benchmarks of Changxing County show that when the per capita income of Changxing County in 2025, 2030, and 2035 reaches USD 19,172.92, USD 24,483.01, and USD 29,366.11, respectively, the corresponding benchmarks should be 14.95 tons CO2/person, 14.70 tons CO2/person, and 13.55 tons CO2/person. For every 1% increase in the county’s per capita income, the PCCE allowable room for growth is 17.6453%. The turning point is when the per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) is USD 20,843.23 and the PCCE is 15.03 tons of CO2/person, which will occur between 2025 and 2030. Prior to this, the PCCE benchmark increases with the increase of PCGDP. After that, the PCCE benchmark decreases with the increase of PCGDP. The system is economically sensitive, adaptable to different development stages, and enriches the methodology of low-carbon indicator evaluation and benchmark setting at the county scale. It can provide scientific basis for Chinese county decision makers to formulate reasonable targets under the management idea driven by evaluation indicators and emission reduction targets and help counties explore the coordinated paths of economic development and emission reduction in different development stages. It has certain reference significance for other developing regions facing similar challenges of economic development and low-carbon transformation to Changxing County to formulate scientific and reasonable low-carbon emission reduction targets.

scholarly journals Can CO2 Emission Reduction and Economic Growth Be Compatible? Evidence From China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuang Zhang ◽  
You-Hua Chen ◽  
Chien-Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Low Carbon Energy

The influence of low-carbon energy on economic development is a vital issue. Using the provincial panel data in China from 2000 to 2017, this work investigated the aggregate effects of low-emission electricity. The results showed that 1) when the ratio of low-emission electricity to total electricity increases by 1%, the GDP per capita will increase by 0.16% and CO2 emissions will decrease by 0.848%. In other words, low-emission electricity can achieve the goal of low-carbon economic development; 2) the self-supply of low-emission electricity, rather than trade and efficiency, is the main reason for China’s boosted economic growth; and 3) low-emission electricity increases the regional economic gap in China. The effects of pollution inhibition and economic promotion on low-emission electricity in developed areas are significantly greater than those in less developed areas. Thus, the low-emission electricity policy in China should benefit the economy and avoid the excessive economic gap among regions. Policymakers should vigorously promote the low-emission electricity revolution and pay attention to the inclination of energy policy to the central and western regions.

scholarly journals Assessing Carbon Footprint and Inter-Regional Carbon Transfer in China Based on a Multi-Regional Input-Output Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Yimin Chen ◽  
Yuanying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Central China ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
Per Capita

China has been the largest carbon emitter in the world since 2007 and is thus confronted with huge emission reduction pressures. The regional differences in socio-economic development lead to complex inter-provincial carbon transfer in China, which hinders the determination of the emission reduction responsibilities for the various provinces. Based on the latest multi-regional input-output data, this study analyzes the carbon footprint, inter-provincial carbon transfer, and the corresponding variations of 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2010. The results show that the domestic carbon footprint increased from 4578 Mt in 2007 to 6252 Mt in 2010. Provinces with high carbon footprints were mainly found in central China, such as Shandong, Jiangsu, and Henan. Carbon footprints of the developed coastal provinces were greater than those of less developed provinces in Northwestern China. Per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) was positively correlated to the per capita carbon footprint, indicating a positive relationship between the economic development level and corresponding carbon emissions. Provincial carbon inflows were found to have increased steadily (ranging between 32% and 41%) from 2007 to 2010. The increases in direct carbon emissions varied largely among different provinces, ranging from below 30% in the developed provinces to more than 60% in the moderately developed provinces (e.g., Sichuan and Chongqing). The embodied carbon transferred from moderately developed or remote provinces to those developed ones. In other words, the carbon emission pressures of the developed provinces were shifted to the less developed provinces. The major paths of carbon flow include the transfers from Hebei to Jiangsu (32.07 Mt), Hebei to Beijing (26.78 Mt), Hebei to Zhejiang (25.60 Mt), and Liaoning to Jilin (27.60 Mt).

Co-Integration Theory-Based Study on Environmental Kuznets Curve of Land Use Change Carbon Emission in Shenzhen

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Ke Mei Hu ◽  
Wei Ling Liu ◽  
Jing Hai Zhu ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Lin Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Shenzhen City ◽  
Per Capita

The carbon emission caused by land use change is a human carbon source only second to fossil fuel combustion, the urbanization process in China is extremely intensified, which carbon emissions effect caused by land use change becomes a key factor to influence China's target of carbon emission reduction. Taken Shenzhen city as a typical case, this study utilizes unit root and co-integration test method to research existence of carbon emissions EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) in Shenzhen on the basis of the carbon emissions EKC theory and land-use carbon emissions data of 1979-2010 years, in combination with the existing research foundation. The result proves that, the carbon emission EKC per capita exists in Shenzhen, and the inflection point time of carbon emissions per capita is also calculated for Shenzhen city, which provides new research ideas and scientific guidance for urban carbon emission reduction in China.

scholarly journals Causality relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. Case G-8

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (111) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Victor Quinde Rosales ◽  
Rina Bucaram Leverone ◽  
Martha Bueno Quinonez ◽  
Michelle Saldana Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Quarterly Journal ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Environment And Development

This article is an inductive argumentation and an empirical-analytical paradigm that evaluates the actual relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in country groups of the G8 considered as developed in a period of time from 1960 to 2011. It was developed an Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root (ADF), a Granger Causality Test and a Johansen Cointegration test. The results evidence the non-stationary of constrains in both countries. It was obtained a VAR model with two variables with a number of lags of four - VAR2 (4) to which were tested for causality by demonstrating a unidirectionality of GDP per capita to CO2. Keywords: economic growth, economic development, income distribution, environmental economics. References [1]G. Brundtland, «Our Common Future,» de Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development , 1987. [2]R. Bermejo, Del desarrollo sostenible según Brundtland a la sostenibilidad como biomimesis, Bilbao: Hegoa, 2014. [3]R. B. and. P. C. Fander Falconí, «Flacso,» 16 03 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/agora/62767-la-discutible-curva-de-kuznets. [Last access: 15 01 2021]. [4]E. Urteaga, «Las teorías económicas del desarrollo sostenible,» Cuadernos de Economía, vol. 32, nº 89, pp. 113-162, 2009. [5]V. K. Smith, Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1979. [6]J. y. A. Medina, «Ingreso y desigualdad: la Hipótesis de Kuznets en el caso boliviano,» Espacios, vol. 38, nº31, p. 23, 2017. [7]M. Ahluwalia, «Inequality, poverty and development, » Journal of Development Economics, nº 3, pp. 307-342, 1976. [8]A. and R. D. Alesina, «Distributive politics and economic growth,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 109, nº 2, pp. 465-490, 1994. [9]R. Barro, «Inequality and growth in a panel of countries, » Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 5-32, 2000. [10]M. A. Galindo, «Distribución de la renta y crecimiento económico,» de Anuario jurídico y económico escurialense, 2002, pp. 473-502. [11]A. Álvarez, «Distribución de la renta y crecimiento económico, Información Comercial Española, ICE,» Revista de economía, nº 835, pp. 95-100, 2007. [12]J. C. Núñez, «Crecimiento económico y distribución del ingreso: una perspectiva del Paraguay,» Población y Desarrollo, nº 43, pp. 54-61, 2016. [13]S. Kuznets, «Economic Growth and Income Inequality, » American Economic Review, nº 45, pp. 1-28, 1955. [14]J. A. and. C. J. Araujo, «Relación entre la desigualdad de la renta y el crecimiento económico en Brasil: 1995-2012.,» Problemas del desarrollo, vol. 46, nº 180, pp.129-150, 2015. [15]F. V. A. and P. C. Correa, «La Curva Medioambiental de Kuznets: Evidencia Empírica para Colombia Grupo de Economía Ambiental (GEA),» Semestre Económico, vol. 8, nº 15, pp. 13-30, 2005. [16]W. Malenbaum, World Demand for Raw Materials in 1985 and 2000, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1978. [17]W. Beckerman, «Economists, scientists, and environmental catastrophe,» Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 24, nº 3, 1972. [18]G. y. K. A. Grossman, «Economic Growth and the Environment,» The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, nº 2, pp. 353-377, 1995. [19]N. Stokey, «Are there Limits to Growth?,» International Economic Review, vol. 39, nº 1, 1998. [20]W. and. C. W. Jaeger, «A Theoretical Basis for the Environmental Inverted-U Curve and Implications for International Trade,» de Discussant: Clive Chapple, New York, 1998. [21]T. B. K. B. R. and. G. K. Cavlovic, «A Mets-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies,» Agricultural and Resource Economics, nº 29, pp. 32-42, 2000. [22]M. and. S. T. Heil, «Carbon emissions and economic development: future trajectories based on historical experience, » Environment and Development Economics, vol. 6, nº 1, pp. 63-83, 2001. [23]U. S. R. and E. B. Soytas, «Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States,» Ecological Economics, vol. 62, nº 3, pp. 482-489, 2007.[24]C. W. J. Granger, «Investigating causal relations by econometrics models and cross spectral methods,» Econometrica, nº 37, pp. 424-438, 1969. [25]M. and U. R. Nasir, «Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation,» Energy Policy, vol. 39, nº 3, pp. 1857-1864,2011. [26]S. Johansen, «Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors,» Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol. 12, nº 2, pp. 231-254, 1988. [27]B. Goldman, «Meta-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies: Determining the Cause of the Curve’s Presence,» de Honors Projects, 2012. [28] M. B.  and T. T. Fosten, «Dynamic misspecification in the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from CO2 and SO2 emissions in the United Kingdom,» Ecological Economics, vol. 76, pp. 25-33, 2012.  

scholarly journals Decoupling of Carbon Emissions from Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis Based on 264 Prefecture-Level Cities in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenmei KANG ◽  
Benfan LIANG ◽  
Keyu XIA ◽  
Fei XUE ◽  
Yu LI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Plan Period ◽  
Per Capita

After setting the goal of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060, it has become an irresistible trend for China to decouple carbon emissions from its economic growth. Since cities play a central role in reducing carbon emissions, the issues such as whether and when their carbon dioxide emissions can be decoupled from economic growth have become the focus of attention. Based on the carbon dioxide emissions of 264 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2017, this paper uses the Tapio decoupling index to measure the decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth of cities, analyzes the space–time evolution characteristics of carbon emissions and decoupling indexes by stages, and explores the relationship between carbon emissions and socio-economic development characteristics such as per capita GDP and industrial structure. The main conclusions drawn therefrom are as follows: (i) From 2000 to 2017, the city-wide carbon emissions rose from 2.484 billion tons in 2000 to 7.462 billion tons in 2017, registering a total increase of 200.40%. But the growth rate of carbon emissions within cities has been significantly reduced. (ii) As years passed by, the number of cities that achieved strong decoupling saw a significant increase, from zero in the 10th–11th Five-Year Plan period to 14 in the 12th Five-Year Plan period and the first two years of the 13th Five-Year Plan period, accounting for 5.3% of the total number of cities. (iii) There is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between per capita carbon emissions and per capita GDP, which is consistent with the EKC curve hypothesis, but Chinese cities are still in the growth stage of the quadratic curve currently. The correlation between per capita CO2 emission and the proportion of the secondary industry was positive. The results of this study are expected to provide experience for the low-carbon development of cities in China and other developing countries, and provide references for the formulation and evaluation of policies and measures related to low-carbon economic development based on the decoupling model.

scholarly journals Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Kaitong Xu ◽  
Haibo Kang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ping Jiang ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
The Government

At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.

scholarly journals Study on the relationship between industrialization level, economic development and environmental pollution in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Junran Ma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
The Relationship

With the development of economy, environmental problems gradually outstanding in China. This article adopts the method of empirical study, have collected the data of China's industrial added value, per capita GDP and emissions of the three major pollutants from 2004 to 2015. The VAR model was established on the basis of the logarithm values of the three factors mentioned above, so as to conduct impulse- response analysis to discuss the relationship between industrialization level, economic development and environmental pollution. The conclusion is as follows: (1) At present, the increase of China's industrial added value can promote the decline of China's environmental pollution emissions to a certain extent; (2) China is now at the left of the turning point of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the increase of per capita GDP will aggravate environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Carbon Lock-In and Sustainable Growth Challenges : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 01-25
Author(s):  
Aminatou Kemajou Pofoura ◽  
Huaping Sun ◽  
Maxwell Opuni Antwi ◽  
Charles Kwarteng Antwi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Lock In

This research seeks to investigate the risks of carbon lock-in by examining the potential factors influencing carbon dioxide emissions levels in Sub-Saharan Africa. Given this, we employed a panel Sub-Saharan Africa comprised of 35 countries in the sub-region, from 2000 to 2014 with cross-sectional dependence among variables. We used the Two-step robust System Generalized Method of Moments to estimate the influencing factors of carbon emissions level that create path dependency. The main findings are: (1) income per capita, urbanization, and financial resources contribute to the increase of carbon emissions level in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries, in the short-run; (2) we noticed that in the short-run, the impacts of fossil fuels per capita, energy intensity and total energy consumption are insignificant; (3) in the long-run, income per capita, urbanization and financial resources increase carbon emissions level; (4) from various factors that increase carbon emissions level, these factors form a path dependency that slow the introduction of low-carbon systems, thus, creating carbon lock-in in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Considering this, policymakers and governments should ensure the strict compliance of environmental regulations by financial institutions and organizations, promote low-carbon cities during economic transformation, and encourage investments in low-carbon projects. The government should also educate and build awareness on the effects of environmental pollution on population health, provide incentives for energy conservation and promote the use of clean products to avoid future risks of lock-in in the sub-region.

scholarly journals The Spatiotemporal Evolution Pattern and Influential Factor of Regional Carbon Emission Convergence in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Spatiotemporal Evolution ◽  
Reduction Strategy ◽  
Emission Level ◽  
Evolution Pattern ◽  
Convergence Model

As economic development rapidly progresses in China, a method of carbon emission control that provides reasonable solutions is needed. This paper analyzes the convergence of carbon emission evolutionary characteristics in different regions of China and studies the dynamics of carbon emissions in China based on a convergence model. It was found that the carbon emission levels of each region are prominent in terms of time, and the regional carbon emission level has absolute β characteristics. The regional carbon emission condition β convergences have different convergence paths. Therefore, it is necessary to justify carbon emission reduction in China and put forward an emission reduction strategy.

scholarly journals Energy-Related Carbon Emissions of China’s Model Environmental Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kevin Lo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Per Capita

This paper identifies three types of model environmental cities in China and examines their levels of energy-related carbon emissions using a bottom-up accounting system. Model environmental cities are identified as those that have been recently awarded official recognition from the central government for their efforts in environmental protection. The findings show that, on average, the Low-Carbon Cities have lower annual carbon emissions, carbon intensities, and per capita emissions than the Eco-Garden Cities and the Environmental Protection Cities. Compared internationally, the Eco-Garden Cities and the Environmental Protection Cities have per capita emissions that are similar to those of American cities whereas per capita emissions from the Low-Carbon Cities are similar to those of European cities. The result indicates that addressing climate change is not a priority for some model environmental cities. Policy changes are needed to prioritize climate mitigation in these cities, considering that climate change is a cross-cutting environmental issue with wide-ranging impact.

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