scholarly journals The Influence of Apple, Carrot and Red Beet Pomace Content on the Properties of Pellet from Barley Straw

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Jerzy Chojnacki ◽  
Agnieszka Zdanowicz ◽  
Juraj Ondruška ◽  
Ľubomír Šooš ◽  
Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Primary Materials

Influence of wastes generated during juice production: apple, carrot and red beet, added to barley straw, on density of pellet mass, pellet hardness, ash content and calorific value was assessed. Dry mass content of additives in the substrate to pellet production was: 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the mixture weight. The relative humidity of the raw material was: 17.0, 19.5 and 22%. Higher percentages of additives and higher moisture content in the raw materials increased the hardness and density of the pellet. The contents of natural polymers such as lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were determined in primary materials used to prepare substrate and in pellet. Changes in the determination of these substances was observed as a result of the granulation process.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methodologies for Acid Buffering Capacity Determination—Empirical Verification of Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Patryk Król ◽  
Piotr Borysiuk ◽  
Mariusz Mamiński
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Amount ◽  
Acid Buffering ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Different Origins

Raw materials used in particleboard production may have different chemical properties as they have different origins, nature, and storage histories. One of the most important factors is the acidity of the wood which affects the process of bond line formation. Thus, determination of the acid buffering capacity (ABC) of a raw material helps to adjust the optimal amount of hardener in the adhesive. In the present study, three methods for pH-metric ABC determination in the presence of lignocellulosic material were compared. Models that correlate the hardener amount with the internal bonding of particleboards were built from the ABC results. The approach was tested on three materials of different acidity—pine, oak, and ammonia-treated oak. The developed models allowed the prediction of the optimal amount of hardener for the maximized internal bond of the boards. The experimental verification of the models showed a high convergence of the calculated and empirical results.

MgO Influence on the Fundamental Characteristics of Corundum Refractory Castables

2016 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Nevřivová
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Corundum Refractory ◽  
Refractory Castables ◽  
Dense Refractory ◽  
Materials Used

The paper focuses on the determination of how periclase content in the raw material influences the final properties of no-cement refractory castables. The motivation for this research was the continued pressure on increasing the utility properties of refractory castables, especially their corrosion resistance. The influence of MgO was observed in vibration-compacted refractory castables; the mixtures were made so that the consistency of each one was the same. There were only minimal differences in the water content of the mixtures. The mineral composition of the raw materials used in the manufacturing of the refractory castables was determined and the influence of the firing temperature on their compressive strength, flexural strength, apparent porosity, mineralogy and pore structure was described. The corrosion resistance was determined by means of the crucible test according to CSN P CEN/TS 15418 (726022) Method of test for dense refractory products – Guidelines for testing the corrosion resistance of refractories caused by liquids.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Amiodarone Hydrochloride and Related Compounds in Raw Materials and Tablets

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M Lacrok ◽  
Norman M Curran ◽  
Wing-Wah Sy ◽  
Dennis K J Goreck ◽  
Pierre Thibault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Amiodarone Hydrochloride ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amiodarone hydrochloride and 10 related compounds in drug raw material and for assay of drug in tablets was developed. The method specifies a 3 jxm Hypersil nitrile column (150 × 4.6 mm), a mobile phase of 1 + 1 acetonitrile–ammonium acetate buffer (0.1 M adjusted to pH 6.0 with 0.1 M acetic acid), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and detection at 240 nm. The lower limit of quantitation of the related compounds is 0.02% or less. Drug contents in 2 raw material samples were 100.1 and 99.9% and ranged from 98.2 to 99.4% in 3 tablet formulations. Impurity levels in 2 samples of raw material from different manufacturers were ca 0.4%. The presence of 3 of the known related compounds in these samples was confirmed by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The method applied to raw materials was evaluated by a second laboratory and found to be satisfactory.

scholarly journals Incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as an alternative raw material for red ceramic

Cerâmica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (351) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. P. Faria ◽  
J. N. F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

The sugarcane industry generates huge amounts of sugarcane bagasse ashes (SCBA). This work investigates the incorporation of a SCBA waste as an alternative raw material into a clay body, replacing natural clay material by up to 20 wt.%. Clay ceramic pieces were produced by uniaxial pressing and fired at temperatures varying from 700 to 1100 ºC. The technological properties of the clay ceramic pieces (linear shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption, and tensile strength) as function of the firing temperature and waste addition are investigated. The phase evolution during firing was followed by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the SCBA waste could be incorporated into red ceramics (bricks and roofing tiles) in partial replacement for natural clay material. These results confirm the feasibility of valorisation of SCBA waste to produce red ceramic. This use of SCBA can also contribute greatly to reducing the environmental problems of the sugarcane industry, and also save the sources of natural raw materials used in the ceramic industry.

scholarly journals Penerapan metode fuzzy sugeno untuk prediksi persediaan bahan baku

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Julio Warmansyah ◽  
Dida Hilpiah
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Human Power ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
A Company

 PT. Cahaya Boxindo Prasetya is a company engaged in the manufacture of carton boxes or boxes. The company's activities also include cutting and printing services using machinery and human power. The problem faced in this company is the difficulty of predicting the amount of inventory of raw materials that will be  included in the production. The remaining raw materials for production will be used as the final stock to get the minimum, the goal is to reduce excess stock Overcoming this problem, fuzzy logic is used to predict raw material inventories by focusing on the final stock. In this study using Fuzzy Sugeno, with three input variables, namely: initial inventory, purchase, production, while the output is the final stock. Determination of prediction results using defuzzification using the average concept of MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). The results obtained, using the Fuzzy Sugeno method can predict the inventory of raw materials with a MAPE value of 38%. 

scholarly journals PERENCANAAN BAHAN BAKU DAN HASIL PRODUKSI MENGGUNAKAN METODE LINIER PROGRAMMING SIMPLEK

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Handayani ◽  
Eka Kusuma Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Simplex Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Linear Programming Method

<p>CV. Baja Utama Landasan Ulin is a business entity that manufactures various products using the basic ingredients of iron. In the management of raw materials for the production of common regulatory process raw materials into sections for further processing. This setting is often done manually without doing careful planning, so that at the end of each production process there are many remaining pieces of the raw materials that should be used in production. In addition to the determination of the production is necessary to reference how the product should be made for each type of existing products. This is often an important factor that pushed for the optimization of production planning in determining the number of products for each type of product and raw material consumption.Linear Programming is one of the methods used in production planning to regulate the use of raw materials is limited. Simplex method is part of the linear programming method that can be used in the production planning system implementation. Simplex method identifies an initial basic solution and then move systematically to other basic solution that has the potential to improve the value of the objective function.The calculation result of production planning using the simplex method can be used as a reference in the decision making production planning. By building an application using the simplex method can assist in the calculation of production peencanaan more efficiently and effectively. Accuracy testing system constructed show significant results with great value reached 94% level of accuracy.<br />Keywords: simplex, production planning, the maximum gain, linear programming</p>

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HAWTHORN`S LEAVES CRATAEGUS PONTICA

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Kamola Vakhabjanova Raimova ◽  
Nodira Gulomzhanovna Abdulladzhanova ◽  
Farrukh Nazimovich Toshpulatov ◽  
Nurali Azamovich Ergashev ◽  
Alimzhan Davlatbaevich Matchanov
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Flavonoid Composition ◽  
The Republic

The results of studies of the content of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in the Pontic hawthorn plant Crataegus pontica K.Koch., growing in the mountainous regions of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented. The collection of raw materials took place in the spring at the beginning of October 2019 and at the end of April 2020. The conditions for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds were selected under various conditions. It was shown that the optimal content of polyphenols is extracted with 70% acetone, followed by fractionation of the aqueous residue with ethyl acetate and precipitation with hexane. It was shown that in the plants harvested in spring, the amount of polyphenols was 4.28%, and the collected volume was 2.6%, of the air-dry mass of the raw material. Chromatographic methods (BC and TLC) revealed that the composition of plant leaves collected in spring contains more polyphenols than those collected in autumn. This plant contains compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. Polyphenols were identified by rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside, catechin, and gallic acid by BC and TLC methods. The antioxidant activity of the sum of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the model of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver mitochondria. It was found that polyphenols have a protective effect on mitochondria, a reduced damaging effect of Fe2+ / ascorbate and antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of the studied polyphenolic substances. The introduction of rutin into the incubation medium in 5 μM medium inhibits LPO processes by 32.0%, and at 10 μM – by 85.9% and in 20 μM – by 96.8%, compared with the control.

scholarly journals Odor and Constituent Odorants of HDPE–Lignin Blends of Different Lignin Origin

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Bianca Lok ◽  
Gunnar Mueller ◽  
Johannes Ganster ◽  
Jens Erdmann ◽  
Andrea Buettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Kraft Process ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Soda Lignin

The still-rising global demand for plastics warrants the substitution of non-renewable mineral oil-based resources with natural products as a decisive step towards sustainability. Lignin is one of the most abundant natural polymers and represents an ideal but hitherto highly underutilized raw material to replace petroleum-based resources. In particular, the use of lignin composites, especially polyolefin–lignin blends, is currently on the rise. In addition to specific mechanical property requirements, a challenge of implementing these alternative polymers is their heavy odor load. This is especially relevant for lignin, which exhibits an intrinsic odor that limits its use as an ingredient in blends intended for high quality applications. The present study addressed this issue by undertaking a systematic evaluation of the odor properties and constituent odorants of commercially available lignins and related high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blends. The potent odors of the investigated samples could be attributed to the presence of 71 individual odorous constituents that originated primarily from the structurally complex lignin. The majority of them was assignable to six main substance classes: carboxylic acids, aldehydes, phenols, furan compounds, alkylated 2-cyclopenten-1-ones, and sulfur compounds. The odors were strongly related to both the lignin raw materials and the different processes of their extraction, while the production of the blends had a lower but also significant influence. Especially the investigated soda lignin with hay- and honey-like odors was highly different in its odorant composition compared to lignins resulting from the sulfurous kraft process predominantly characterized by smoky and burnt odors. These observations highlight the importance of sufficient purification of the lignin raw material and the need for odor abatement procedures during the compounding process. The molecular elucidation of the odorants causing the strong odor represents an important procedure to develop odor reduction strategies.

Petrography

2016 ◽  
pp. 232-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Degryse ◽  
Dennis Braekmans
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Fabric Analysis ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ceramic Petrography ◽  
Material Provenance

Petrography has developed into an indispensable tool for ceramic fabric analysis, specifically studying the mineralogical and textural composition of ceramic objects. Petrography is a technique commonly used in geology to describe and classify rocks. Ceramic petrography studies clay-based archaeological or historical materials. Using a polarizing light microscope (PLM) in ceramic studies, the different raw materials used to make a ceramic object can be identified, ranging from clays and other minerals to rock fragments and inorganic or organic temper. The technique moreover feeds into the study of raw material provenance and origin, and is able to discern the different technological procedures followed to make the ceramic object (from shaping to firing), next to providing clues on the function of the object. This information not only helps reconstruct trade and exchange of raw materials and ceramics, but aids in reconstructing society behind the pot.

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