scholarly journals Analysis of the Electricity Supply Contracts for Medium-Voltage Apartments in the Republic of Korea

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Dong Sik Kim ◽  
Wookyung Jung ◽  
Beom Jin Chung
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Supply Contracts ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Apartment Complex ◽  
The Common ◽  
Energy Consumptions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Apartment Complexes

For apartment complexes receiving medium-voltage electrical energies, the apartments can choose an electricity charging method between the single and general contracts in the Republic of Korea. In the single contract, a residential high-voltage rate is applied to the total electrical energy consumptions of households and common areas. On the other hand, in the general contract, different rate plans are applied to the electrical energy consumptions of households and their common areas, where a generic high-voltage rate plan is applied to the common consumption. Hence, depending on the amounts and composition of the consumptions, both contracts have their own strengths and weaknesses in terms of the total electricity charge. The management office of an apartment complex can select its preferred contract considering the amount and composition of the power consumptions on an annual basis. In this paper, we first formulate a model for the contracts and analyze their properties based on Monte-Carlo simulations. We then observe the contract properties through actual metering data from 30 apartment complexes in Korea. From the analysis of this paper, we can select appropriate contract for a given apartment complex and have guidelines for saving electricity charges. The greater the consumption of the electrical energy and the common area portion, the more advantageous the general contract is in terms of reducing electricity charges.

scholarly journals The Role of Community-led Governance in Innovation Diffusion: The Case of RFID Waste Pricing System in the Republic of Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabinne Lee ◽  
Kwangho Jung
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Theory ◽  
Innovation Adoption ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Apartment Complex ◽  
Pricing System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Apartment Complexes

This study explores the role of community-led governance in innovation adoption by drawing determinants of RFID waste pricing system adoption. The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea adopted an individual-incentive based RFID waste pricing system for apartment complexes in 2013 in an effort to reduce food waste. After invention and wide usage during World War Two, RFID has received lots of intention especially in public policy field. This innovative system using RFID machines and RFID tag-embedded cards showed effectiveness in waste reduction. Residents of each apartment complex decide whether and when to adopt the RFID system. Based on innovation diffusion theory, we would like to draw which determinant factors most affect RFID pricing system adoption. Although innovation diffusion is dependent on community level, many previous studies surveyed individuals and asked them about organizational adoption. We use non-perceptional data representing the characteristics of the level of apartment complex. This study, relying on ecological variables collected from 2018 apartment complexes across 25 autonomous districts located in Seoul City, explores significant factors related to the process of the RFID adoption. According to the empirical results, there were two important determinants: how much information the government provided, and how the apartment complex residents have opportunity to gather opinion and decide the RFID pricing system adoption. We emphasize the importance of community-led governance in adopting an innovative environmental system and how community-led governance contributes to sustainable innovation adoption.

scholarly journals Operation Modes of HV/MV Substations

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Josifs Survilo ◽  
Antons Kutjuns
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Operation Modes ◽  
Mode 3

Operation Modes of HV/MV SubstationsA distribution network consists of high voltage grid, medium voltage grid, and low voltage grid. Medium voltage grid is connected to high voltage grid via substations with HV/MV transformers. The substation may contain one, mostly two but sometimes even more transformers. Out of reliability and expenditure considerations the two transformer option prevail over others mentioned. For two transformer substation, there may be made choice out of several operation modes: 1) two (small) transformers, with rated power each over 0.7 of maximum substation load, permanently in operation; 2) one (big) transformer, with rated power over maximum substation load, permanently in operation and small transformer in constant cold reserve; 3) big transformer in operation in cold season, small transformer-in warm one. Considering transformer load losses and no load losses and observing transformer loading factor β it can be said that the mode 1) is less advantageous. The least power losses has the mode 3). There may be singled out yet three extra modes of two transformer substations: 4) two big transformers in permanent operation; 5) one big transformer permanently in operation and one such transformer in cold reserve; 6) two small transformers in operation in cold season of the year, in warm season-one small transformer on duty. At present mostly two transformers of equal power each are installed on substations and in operation is one of them, hence extra mode 5). When one transformer becomes faulty, it can be changed for smaller one and the third operation mode can be practiced. Extra mode 4) is unpractical in all aspects. The mode 6) has greater losses than the mode 3) and is not considered in detail. To prove the advantage of the third mode in sense of power losses, the notion of effective utilization time of power losses was introduced and it was proven that relative value of this quantity diminishes with loading factor β. The use of advantageous substation option would make it possible to save notable amount of electrical energy but smaller transformer lifetime of this option must be taken into account as well.

Conversion of Electrical Energy in the Processes of Its Generation and Transmission

2010 ◽  
pp. 208-230
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Electrical Generator ◽  
Burning Coal

Electrical energy can be obtained by burning coal (thermal power plant), by using nuclear fuel (nuclear power plant) or by using the power of water (hydro power plant). In these cases, the energy obtained by the sources put a shaft of an electrical generator in motion. The generator generates electrical energy – see Figure 1. In the installation, excitation system for the generator is used. The system turns on an uncontrolled rectifier, thyristor-controlled rectifier or AC thyristor regulator dependent on the generator type. The obtained energy is transmitted using a transmission system towards consumers. The transmission yet is made mainly in high-voltage AC energy form (HVAC). In different parts of the transmission network the voltage value may be different. There are so-called high-voltage (420 kV, 220 kV, 110 kV, etc) and medium voltage (20 kV, 6.6 kV, etc.) systems. General consumers consume electrical energy from so-called low-voltage systems (230V, 50Hz or 110V, 60Hz). During the transmission the type of energy does not change, only the value of the voltage changes using transformers.

Strobilomyces pteroreticulosporus (Boletales), a new species of the S. strobilaceus complex from the Republic of Korea and remarks on the variability of S. confusus

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Antonin ◽  
Alfredo Vizzini ◽  
Enrico Ercole ◽  
Marco Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Republic ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Strobilomyces pteroreticulosporus, is described based on two recent collections from the Republic of Korea. This new taxon is well characterized by morphological characters, and proved using rpb1 and ITS2 sequences. The variability of size and basidiospore ornamentation of the common species S. confusus is also discussed.

Criminal Law and Religion in the Republic of Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Haeng Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
The Republic
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