scholarly journals Thermocatalytic Pyrolysis of Exhausted Arthrospira platensis Biomass after Protein or Lipid Recovery

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5246
Author(s):  
Elena Spennati ◽  
Alessandro Alberto Casazza ◽  
Attilio Converti ◽  
Guido Busca
Keyword(s):  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Zsm5 Zeolite ◽  
Silica Alumina ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are unicellular microorganism that contain high-added-value compounds. To make their extraction economically feasible, the biorefinery concept is the only solution. In this study, the residues resulting from lipid or protein extraction from Arthrospira platensis biomass were valorized by catalytic pyrolysis using ZSM5 zeolite or amorphous silica–alumina as catalyst. The reaction was performed in a quartz reactor, and the catalysts were placed in a fixed bed, to force the reaction gases to pass through it. The reaction products were analyzed by FTIR and GC–MS analyses. The reaction gases and liquids obtained from the extraction residues had higher hydrocarbon contents compared with the untreated biomass. Moreover, the pyrolysis of biomass after protein extraction led to fractions with lower nitrogenated component contents, while that after lipid extraction to fractions with lower oxygenated component contents. This study showed that the pyrolysis process could be used to valorize the microalgae extraction residues, aiming to make biofuels production and extraction of high-added-value products more economically feasible.

Reuse of Fried Oil to Obtain Biodiesel: Zeolites Y as a Catalyst

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brito ◽  
M. E. Borges ◽  
R. Arvelo ◽  
F. Garcia ◽  
M. C. Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Degree Of Conversion ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Catalytic Effects ◽  
Fried Oil

The transesterification reaction is the most utilized process to obtain biodiesel. Fried oil transesterification reactions with methanol have been studied using several zeolites Y and interchanged with CsCl and KOH. The reaction has been carried out both in a slurry reactor and a fixed bed catalytic reactor. The catalytic effects of zeolites have been tested within a temperature range of 60-476°C, 2.5-5% catalyst/waste oil weight ratio, and 6:1 - 100:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. Cosolvents (THF, n-hexane) in the reaction feedstock effect have also been studied as well as catalyst regeneration effects. Viscosity of both the oil and the transesterification reaction products was determined as an initial guide to investigate the degree of conversion to biodiesel as well as FAME content by GC. When interchanged zeolites are used conversions are improved, getting the best yields (98% FAME) for the Y756 zeolite interchanged with KOH. Viscosities of the reaction product obtained reached values next to diesel standard ones.

Full Well Corrosion Insight – Case Studies in the Added Value of Electromagnetic Thickness Measurements During Well Interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Imrie ◽  
Maciej Kozlowski ◽  
Omar Torky ◽  
Aditya Arie Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Metal Thickness ◽  
True Condition ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
The Individual

AbstractMonitoring pipe corrosion is one of the critical aspects in the well intervention. Such analysis is used to evaluate and justify any remedial actions, to prolong the longevity of the well. Typical corrosion evaluation methods of tubulars consist of multifinger caliper tools that provide high-resolution measurements of the internal condition of the pipe. Routinely, this data is then analyzed and interpreted with respect to the manufacture's nominal specification for each tubular. However, this requires assumptions on the outer diameter of the tubular may add uncertainty, and incorrectly calculate the true metal thicknesses. This paper will highlight cases where the integration of such tool and electromagnetic (EM) thickness data adds value in discovering the true condition of both the first tubular and outer casings.These case studies demonstrate the use of a multireceiver, multitransmitter electromagnetic (EM) metal thickness tool operating at multiple simultaneous frequencies. It is used to measure the individual wall thickness across multiple strings (up to five) and operates continuously, making measurements in the frequency domain. This tool was combined with a multifinger caliper to provide a complete and efficient single-trip diagnosis of the tubing and casing integrity. The combination of multifinger caliper and EM metal thickness tool results gives both internal and external corrosion as well as metal thickness of first and outer tubular strings.The paper highlights multiple case studies including; i) successfully detecting several areas of metal loss (up to greater than 32%) on the outer string, which correlated to areas of the mobile salt formation, ii) overlapping defects in two tubulars and, iii) cases where a multifinger caliper alone doesn't provide an accurate indication of the true wall thickness. The final case highlights the advantages of integrating multiple tubular integrity tools when determining the condition of the casing wall.Metal thickness tools operating on EM principles benefit from a slim outer diameter design that allows the tools to pass through restrictions which typically would prevent ultrasonic scanning thickness tools. Additionally, EM tools are unaffected by the type of fluid in the wellbore and not affected by any non-ferrous scale buildup that may present in the inside of the tubular wall. Combinability between complementary multifinger caliper technology and EM thickness results in two independent sensors to provide a complete assessment of the well architecture.

Permeability and channel structure of reptilian skin

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (6) ◽  
pp. F681-F689 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Stokes ◽  
W. A. Dunson
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Water Efflux ◽  
Increase Membrane Permeability

A study of the permeability of shed epidermis from some terrestrial and freshwater snakes was conducted. Permeability to Br, Na, and K ions was very low and showed a higher influx than efflux in most cases. Permeability to the smaller water molecule was much greater, and in contrast efflux was higher than influx. Skins from aquatic snakes with larger water permeabilities also showed greater permeabilities to Na and K. The highly aquatic Regina septemvittata has the most permeable skin of any snake. Ethanol fluxes were higher than expected for a tracer of its size, perhaps due to its solubility in lipid. Na fluxes through whole live skins of Nerodia cyclopion floridana in vitro were not significantly different from those of the shed skin alone. Isolated hinge regions showed complete water impermeability, suggesting that channels through the skin are located only in the scale region. Dermal water efflux into dry air was considerably less than water-to-water efflux. Lipid extraction increased permeability markedly and eliminated the asymmetry of water and ion fluxes. Lipid replacement with linoleic acid restored half of the water impermeability lost during extraction. Protein extraction did not significantly increase membrane permeability but did eliminate the permeability difference between dry and hydrated skins. Two sizes of lipid-lined channels extending through a protein matrix are suggested as a possible model for snake skin. The diameter of the channels apparently varies in relation to the differing water, Na, and Cl concentrations on opposite sides of the skin, but the mechanism of this adjustment is unknown.

scholarly journals Fixed bed pyrolysis of biomass solid waste for bio-oil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nurul Islam ◽  
Mohamed Hairol Md Ali ◽  
Miftah Haziq
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

scholarly journals Effect of Steam on the Homogeneous Conversion of Tar Contained from the Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Tang ◽  
Yuqi Jin ◽  
Yong Chi ◽  
Zhongxu Zhu ◽  
Jie Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Subsequent Reaction ◽  
Furnace Temperature ◽  
Atom Ratio ◽  
Pyrolysis Tar ◽  
Tar Cracking ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Hydrogen Radicals ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Abstract The co-pyrolysis tar formed from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and polyethylene (PE) was used to study their further conversion path under the effect of steam. This paper addressed the yield and transformation of tar with different steam/feedstock mass ratios (S/F= 0.8, 1.6) in a two-stage fixed-bed when the two stages furnace temperature was set at 600℃ and 800℃, separately. Compared with pyrolysis, steam promoted tar cracking effectively, the tar yield decreased at least 1/3. However, with the addition of steam, the cracking effect of tar is not further improved. The tar yield depended more on the PE content in the mixture, which was enhanced with PE increment. Besides, the H/C atom ratio was related to the conversion path of tar. Steam was beneficial to the cracking of compounds, but the generated hydrogen radicals affected the direction of the subsequent reaction. The steam mainly promotes the cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons, accompanied by cyclization and aromatization when the steam was limited. Nevertheless, these reactions were hindered when the steam was excessive due to the apparent effect of hydrogenation. In this process, the short-chain hydrocarbons come to recombine instead of cyclization and aromatization.

Metformin Removal from Water Using Fixed-bed Column of Silica-Alumina Composite

2020 ◽  
Vol 597 ◽  
pp. 124814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afif Hethnawi ◽  
Maysam Alnajjar ◽  
Abdallah D. Manasrah ◽  
Azfar Hassan ◽  
Gerardo Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Column ◽  
Silica Alumina ◽  
Alumina Composite

scholarly journals Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over Vanadium-Containing Faujasite Zeolite

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Smoliło ◽  
Katarzyna Samson ◽  
Ting Zhou ◽  
Dorota Duraczyńska ◽  
Małgorzata Ruggiero-Mikołajczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Dehydrogenation ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Oxidative Dehydrogenation Of Propane ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Gas Flow Reactor ◽  
Faujasite Zeolite

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of light alkanes to olefins—in particular, using vanadium-based catalysts—is a promising alternative to the dehydrogenation process. Here, we investigate how the activity of the vanadium phase in ODH is related to its dispersion in porous matrices. An attempt was made to synthesize catalysts in which vanadium was deposited on a microporous faujasite zeolite (FAU) with the hierarchical (desilicated) FAU as supports. These yielded different catalysts with varying amounts and types of vanadium phase and the porosity of the support. The phase composition of the catalysts was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD); low temperature nitrogen sorption experiments resulted in their surface area and pore volumes, and reducibility was measured with a temperature-programmed reduction with a hydrogen (H2-TPR) method. The character of vanadium was studied by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The obtained samples were subjected to catalytic tests in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a fixed-bed gas flow reactor with a gas chromatograph to detect subtract and reaction products at a temperature range from 400–500 °C, with varying contact times. The sample containing 6 wt% of vanadium deposited on the desilicated FAU appeared the most active. The activity was ascribed to the presence of the dispersed vanadium ions in the tetragonal coordination environment and support mesoporosity.

Production of Hydrogen-Rich Gas Through Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Two-Stage Reactor

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanyi Chen ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Xiaoyang Lv ◽  
Na Deng ◽  
Lifei Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Gas Space ◽  
Energy Products ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Biomass is quite abundant in the world, particularly in some countries like China. China has large quantities of straw and/or stalk-origin biomass resources and the attention is currently being paid to the exploitation of these resources to produce energy products via different technical solutions, among of which pyrolysis of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas is very promising as hydrogen is a very clear energy carrier. In this work, pyrolysis of rice straw, corn stalk and sawdust was carried out in a two-stage reactor (the first-stage reactor is a conventional fixed-bed pyrolyser, and the second-stage reactor is a catalytic fixed bed) to produce hydrogen-rich gas. The effect of catalytic bed on the pyrolysis behaviour have been investigated, with the emphasis on final product particularly hydrogen. The operation of the catalytic reactor appears significant in promoting biomass pyrolysis towards the production of gaseous products, especially hydrogen. At 750°C of the pyrolyser with rice straw as fuel, the use of the catalytic bed leads to the increases of gas yield from 0.41 Nm3/kg to 0.50 Nm3/kg, approximately 22% increase, and of H2 concentration from 33.79% to 50.80% in volume, approximately 50.3% increase, respectively. Compared with calcined dolomite, fresh nickel-based catalyst shows stronger catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of rice straw as its use in the catalytic bed results in the increase of gas yield from 0.41 Nm3/kg to 0.56 Nm3/kg, approximately 36.6% increase, and the increase of H2 concentration from 33.79% to 59.55% in volume, approximately 76.2% increase. Furthermore, two catalysts follow the same trend for the pyrolysis of corn stalk and sawdust. At temperature of 815°C, catalysts also follow the same trend. Catalytic bed can significantly reduce the level of tar which is carried out with the producer gas, to less than 1% of original level. Catalyst load or gas space velocity (hourly) has the influence on the gas yield and H2 concentration. 30% of load, i.e. gas space velocity (hourly) 0.9 × 104 h−1, appears reasonable. Beyond that, gas yield and H2 concentration remain almost unchanged.

scholarly journals Development of a Chemical Equilibrium Model of the Downdraft Fixed Bed Gasification Process with known Product Temperature, Using air as an Oxidizing Agent

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Andres Quintero-Coronel ◽  
Edwin Edgardo Espinel-Blanco ◽  
Eder Norberto Flórez-Solano
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Downdraft Fixed Bed ◽  
Gasification Reaction ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium Model

A chemical equilibrium model for known outlet temperature of the products was carried out on a downdraft fixed bed gasifier. Biomass from oil palm kernel is used with proximate and ultimate analysis; the general gasification reaction takes into account the biomass moisture, the reaction products are formed by CH4, H2O, N2, CO, CO2 and H2. The model is described in detail and the equations are solved using the EES software. The model shows the results obtained for temperature ranges from 500 K to 1500 K and 1.0 atm. The model is validated by direct comparison of the gas composition with the results reported in the literature for similar conditions, obtaining favorable results.

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