scholarly journals Effect of Principal Stress Field on the Development of Plastic Zone ahead of the Gateroad

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4356
Author(s):  
Hongtao Liu ◽  
Linfeng Guo ◽  
Xidong Zhao ◽  
Pengfei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Plastic Zone ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Coal And Gas Outburst ◽  
Lagrangian Analysis ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Gas Outburst ◽  
Minimum Principal Stress ◽  
Long Time

The distribution of a plastic zone ahead of a gateroad plays a significant role in maintaining the long-term stability of mining spaces. For a long time, the principal stress field such as the values, the direction, etc. have been observed to have impacts on plastic zone development, but has not been looked into deeply and systematically. To this end, the influence of principal stress field including the maximum principal stress (P1), the angle between the P1 direction and the Z-axis (α), the minimum principal stress (P3), and the ratio of maximum principal stress to minimum principal stress (P1/P3) on the expansion of the plastic zone ahead of the gateroad is investigated by the (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) FLAC3D models. The results show that: (1) The plastic zone volume increases first and then decreases with the increase of α, and the direction of butterfly-shaped plastic zone ahead of gateroad is rotating with the evolution of α. (2) The plastic zone volume ahead of excavation face increases gradually with the increase of P1/P3. Mutagenicity of butterfly-shaped plastic zone occurs ahead of the gateroad under a certain value of P1/P3. (3) With the increase of P1 and decrease of P3, the plastic zone volume is of exponential growth. The plastic zone volume approaches infinity when the critical value of maximum principal stress ([P1]) and the minimum principal stress ([P1]) is obtained. (4) The study of the effect of principal stress field on the expansion of plastic zone ahead of the gateroad is helpful for revealing the mechanisms of coal and gas outbursts. The critical stress state of butterfly-shaped plastic zone mutagenicity ahead of the gateroad can be used as an important indicator for assessing the risk of coal and gas outburst. The research can also guide the prevention of coal and gas outburst ahead of the gateroad.

scholarly journals Expansionary Evolution Characteristics of Plastic Zone in Rock and Coal Mass Ahead of Excavation Face and the Mechanism of Coal and Gas Outburst

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 984
Author(s):  
Hongtao Liu ◽  
Linfeng Guo ◽  
Xidong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Zone ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Coal And Gas Outburst ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Gas Outburst ◽  
Evolution Characteristics ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Coal And Gas Outbursts ◽  
Scientific Challenge

Factors leading to coal and gas outbursts are complicated, and the accuracy of predicting outbursts remains difficult to achieve. Therefore, coal and gas outburst risk are still a scientific challenge in the fields of mining, geology, safe engineering, and rock mechanics. Theories explaining and predicting coal and gas outbursts associated with restored strain and gas energy are hot topics. Based on numerical modelling, the evolution of a plastic zone ahead of an excavation face with change of direction and magnitude of regional pre-mining stress field were analyzed. A mechanical analysis model for the expansionary evolution process of the plastic zone ahead of the excavation face was constructed, and the expansionary evolution characteristics of plastic zone ahead of the excavation face were analyzed. The physical and mechanical process and basic conditions for the initiation and development of coal and gas outbursts induced by evolution of plastic zone were discussed. The research provides some new insights into the mechanism, prediction, and prevention of goal and gas outbursts.

scholarly journals Study on In Situ Stress Measurement and Surrounding Rock Control Technology in Deep Mine

Geofluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhongcheng Qin ◽  
Bin Cao ◽  
Yongle Liu ◽  
Tan Li
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
In Situ Stress Measurement ◽  
Surrounding Rock Control

In situ stress is the direct cause of roadway deformation and failure in the process of deep mining activities. The measured data of in situ stress in the Shuanghe coal mine show that the maximum principal stress is 44.94~50.61 MPa, and the maximum principal stress direction is near horizontal direction, which belongs to tectonic stress field. The maximum horizontal principal stress is 1.66~1.86 of the vertical stress. The horizontal principal stress controls the deep stress field. According to the measured data of in situ stress, the high-strength prestress bolt and cable collaborative support form is designed in the Shuanghe coal mine. Based on the stress field research of bolt and cable, the optimal prestress ratio of bolt and cable is proposed as 3. When the prestress ratio of bolt and cable is constant, the smaller the length ratio of bolt and cable is, the better the effect of prestressed field formed by cooperative support is. The results are applied to the support design of the mining roadway in the Shuanghe coal mine. Through the field monitoring test results, it is found that the maximum roof subsidence is 86 mm, the maximum floor deformation is 52 mm, and the maximum deformation of two sides is 125 mm. The surrounding rock control effect of the roadway is good, and the surrounding rock deformation conforms to the engineering technology standard requirements. The research results of this paper can provide some reference for the surrounding rock support of high ground stress mining roadway under similar conditions.

The influence of loading path on fault reactivation: a laboratory perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Giorgetti ◽  
Marie Violay
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Fault Reactivation ◽  
Loading Path ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Loading Paths

<p>Despite natural faults are variably oriented to the Earth's surface and to the local stress field, the mechanics of fault reactivation and slip under variable loading paths (sensu Sibson, 1993) is still poorly understood. Nonetheless, different loading paths commonly occur in natural faults, from load-strengthening when the increase in shear stress is coupled with an increase in normal stress (e.g., reverse faults in absence of the fluid pressure increase) to load-weakening when the increase in shear stress is coupled with a decrease in normal stress (e.g., normal faults). According to the Mohr-Coulomb theory, the reactivation of pre-existing faults is only influenced by the fault orientation to the stress field, the fault friction, and the principal stresses magnitude. Therefore, the stress path the fault experienced is often neglected when evaluating the potential for reactivation. Yet, in natural faults characterized by thick, incohesive fault zone and highly fractured damage zone, the loading path could not be ruled out. Here we propose a laboratory approach aimed at reproducing the typical tectonic loading paths for reverse and normal faults. We performed triaxial saw-cut experiments, simulating the reactivation of well-oriented (i.e., 30° to the maximum principal stress) and misoriented (i.e., 50° to the maximum principal stress), normal and reverse gouge-bearing faults under dry and water-saturated conditions. We find that load-strengthening versus load-weakening path results in clearly different hydro-mechanical behavior. Particularly, prior to reactivation, reverse faults undergo <em>compaction</em> even at differential stresses well below the value required for reactivation. Contrarily, normal faults experience <em>dilation</em>, most of which occurs only near the differential stress values required for reactivation. Moreover, when reactivating at comparable normal stress, normal faults (load-weakening path) are more prone to slip seismically than reverse fault (load-strengthening path). Indeed, the higher mean stress that normal fault experienced before reactivation compacts more efficiently the gouge layer, thus increasing the fault stiffness and favoring seismic slip. This contrasting fault zone compaction and dilation prior to reactivation may occur in different natural tectonic settings, affecting the fault hydro-mechanical behavior. Thus, to take into account the loading path the fault experienced is fundamental in evaluating both natural and induced fault reactivation and the related seismic risk assessment.</p>

scholarly journals Analytical Solution and Simulation of Oil Deliverability Analysis for Reorientation Hydraulic Fracture in Low-Permeability Reservoirs

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xinyu Qiu ◽  
Botao Kang ◽  
Pengcheng Liu ◽  
Shengye Hao ◽  
Yanglei Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
High Water ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Minimum Principal Stress ◽  
High Water Cut Stage ◽  
High Water Cut ◽  
Water Cut ◽  
Low Permeability Reservoirs

The hydraulic refracturing operations are often used to improve oil deliverability in the low-permeability reservoir. When the development of oilfields has entered a high water cut stage, oil deliverability can be promoted by refracturing reservoirs. The orientation of the new fracture formed by refracturing will be changed. The new formed fracture is called reorientation fracture. To calculate the oil deliverability of the refracture wells, a three-section fracture which includes reorientation fracture was established. The multiwell pressure drop superposition theory is used to derive the analytical solution of the refracture wells which includes the reorientation fracture. The numerical simulation was conducted to validate the results of the analytical solution. Comparing the refracture well deliverability of reorientation and nonreorientation, permeability, deflection angle, and the length of reorientation fracture will jointly control the productivity of refracture well. When the permeability in the direction of maximum principal stress is greater than the permeability in the direction of minimum principal stress, the capacity of reorientation fractures is relatively large. The deflection angles and the length of the reorientation fracture will directly affect the drainage area of the fracture, thus affecting productivity. The reorientation fractures generated by repeated fracturing have great potential for improving oil deliverability in the anisotropic low-permeability reservoirs.

A review of methods for determining stress fields from earthquakes focal mechanisms; Application to the Sierentz 1980 seismic crisis (Upper Rhine graben)

2013 ◽  
Vol 184 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 319-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Maury ◽  
François H. Cornet ◽  
Louis Dorbath
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Focal Mechanisms ◽  
Upper Rhine Graben ◽  
Earthquake Focal Mechanisms ◽  
Rhine Graben ◽  
Minimum Principal Stress ◽  
Stress Directions ◽  
Upper Rhine

Abstract The inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms is one of the few tools available for determining principal stress directions at seismogenic depths. Various methods have been proposed for performing such inversions. For three of the most commonly used methods, including one that has been proposed by Jacques Angelier, we discuss the physical assumptions and the error determination and then we propose an extension for one of the methods. All four methods are then applied for evaluating the stress field in the Upper Rhine graben. They are applied to seismic data recorded with a temporary monitoring network that was deployed 12 hours after the magnitude Mw = 4.4 Sierentz earthquake, which occurred on July 15, 1980. While differences in principal stress directions can be as much as 28° depending on the method used for the principal stress direction determination (orientation of the minimum principal stress has been found to range from N051°E with a 27° plunge to N090° E with a 20° plunge), the 90% confidence level associated with each method varies from 11° to 27°. Moreover, these various methods yield fairly diverse values for the R factor that characterizes relative differences between principal stress magnitudes (from R = 0.7 with a 0.2 90% confidence level to R = 0.3 with a 0.2 90% confidence level). Furthermore all three methods leave some focal mechanisms unexplained. These are then declared to be the result of heterogeneity and are not considered for the inversion. It is concluded that earthquake focal mechanisms inversions lack resolution for stress field evaluation at depth if no proper attention is given to the event independence hypothesis. When proper attention is given to this hypothesis, a resolution of the order of 15° may be achieved. The minimum principal stress orientation derived with these various focal mechanisms inversions differs by 4 to 36° from the orientation determined from borehole breakouts observed in Basel, in a 5 km deep well (N054°E ± 14°), located some 20 km from Sierentz. The solution that fits best borehole breakout observations is that which satisfies the minimum number (three) of prerequisite physical assumptions.

Numerical Simulation of Tectonic Stress Field in Longmenshan Tectonic Belts after Earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 2440-2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Rui Su ◽  
Hu Jun He ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Peng Li
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Tectonic Stress Field ◽  
Longmenshan Fault ◽  
Rock Mechanical Properties

Two-dimensional finite element model of Longmenshan area was built on the basis of depth study on geological structure conditions and of rock mechanical properties in Longmenshan area, tectonic stress field and variation process of Longmenshan fault belt were inversed after the earthquake. The results show that: (1)After the earthquake, the maximum principal stress appears in fault endpoint, partial inflection point, intersection of Longmenshan fault and Xianshuihe fault and intersection of Minjiang fault, Animaqing-lueyang fault and Longmenshan Fault. The maximum principal stress in area is overall NEE to SEE.(2)After earthquake, shear stress distribution is more uniform, and compared after earthquake to before earthquake, shearing stress of Longmenshan central fault and Qianshan fault reduces obviously, but shear stress of Houshan fault increases.

scholarly journals Research on Deep-Site Failure Mechanism of High-Steep Slope under Active Fault Creeping Dislocation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Kaiwen Zhang ◽  
Denghang Tian ◽  
Liming Qu ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Zone ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Tensile Failure ◽  
Lower Envelope ◽  
Envelope Curve ◽  
Plastic Failure ◽  
Deep Site

The reverse thrust in the deep site causes the upward propagation of stress and displacement in the overlying soil. The displacement field around the fault zone is maximum. As the spatial location becomes shallower, the soil displacement gradually becomes smaller. The deformation of the overlying soil is mainly affected by the vertical dislocation of the fracture zone. The monitoring curve showed no abrupt change value, indicating that the top surface of soil did not rupture, and only the influence of fault on the displacement transfer of the top surface of the soil. When a creeping dislocation occurs in the bottom fracture zone, the maximum principal stress of the upper boundary of the deep site is dominated by compressive stress. The maximum principal stress of the soil on both sides of the fracture zone has a maximum value, and the soil on the right side of the fracture zone has a significant compression effect. The maximum principal stress monitoring curve varies greatly, indicating the plastic failure development of soil, which is the same as the research results of the plastic failure zone in the following paper. When the bottom fracture zone starts to move, the plastic zone first appears at the junction area between the front end of the bottom fracture zone and the overlying soil. As the amount of dislocation of the fracture zone increases, the plastic zone continues to extend into the inner soil. The left and right sides of the fracture zone show tensile failure and compression failure, respectively. The development of the upper envelope curve in the plastic zone of the overlying soil satisfies the Boltzmann equation with a first-order exponential growth, while the development of the lower envelope curve satisfies the Gauss equation with a second-order exponential growth. The development curve equation of the plastic zone is verified according to the residual figures of the fitting result and the correlation parameters.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the stress distribution in the cortical bone caused by variations in implant applications in patients with bruxism: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Yakup Kantaci ◽  
Sabiha Zelal Ülkü
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Principal Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Minimum Principal Stress ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

Aim: To evaluate the stress distribution in the cortical bone under parafunctional forces with different occlusal thicknesses, monolithic zirconia with different implant diameters, and number variations in implant-supported fixed prosthetic restorations applied in patients with bruxism. Methodology: The tomographic sections of the previously registered mandible were used in order to model the mandible. Modeled bone height is 30 mm, cortical bone thickness is 1.5 mm, and trabecular bone thickness is modeled as 13 mm. By placing two implants in the created bone model, a three-member main model (Group 1), the number of implants was increased, three implants supported the Group 2 models, the diameter of the implants was increased, and the Group 3 models were created. The created Group 1, 2, 3 models, the occlusal thickness was divided into subgroups with 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm, respectively (Groups A, B, and C). The groups were applied in two directions: vertical and 30o oblique. Stress values under forces were analyzed by finite element stress analysis. Results: Under vertical loading, the maximum principal stress value in the cortical bone was found to be lowest in Group 2C, and the highest maximum principal stress value was found in Group 1A. The minimum principal stress value in the cortical bone was found to be the lowest in Group 3C, and the highest minimum principal stress value was found in Group 1A. Under oblique loading, the maximum principal stress value in the cortical bone was found to be the lowest in Group 3C and the highest maximum principal stress value was found in Group 1A. The minimum principal stress value in the cortical bone was found to be lowest in Group 3C, and the highest minimum principal stress value was found in Group1A. Conclusion: Stresses caused by oblique forces are more than vertical forces. Increasing the occlusal thickness of the implant fixed prosthesis material, implant diameter, and number reduce the minimum and maximum principal stress values in the cortical   How to cite this article: Kantaci Y, Ülkü SZ. Evaluation of the stress distribution in the cortical bone caused by variations in implant applications in patients with bruxism: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):194-200. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.27   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

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