scholarly journals Lessons to Learn from Post-Installation Pollution Levels Assessment of Some Distribution Insulators

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4064
Author(s):  
Issouf Fofana ◽  
Janvier Sylvestre N’cho ◽  
Amidou Betie ◽  
Epiphane Hounton ◽  
Fethi Meghnefi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Harmonic Amplitude ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Outdoor Insulation ◽  
Deposit Density ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ceramic Insulators

Among the main causes of outdoor insulation failures is their poor specifications in terms of leakage distances. This happens when the selected criteria are unable to cope with all the stresses imposed by the changes in environmental pollutions. Therefore, it is important for utilities to fully understand the actual pollution characteristics of the service environment in which the insulators are operating. In this paper, the pollution severity and performance of some 13.2 kV ceramic insulators, sampled in different areas of a Canadian aluminum factory, are assessed. The investigations were performed taking into account the influence of air humidity. Various characteristics were investigated to assess the pollution levels of the insulators, such as equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) and non-soluble deposit density (NSDD), surface resistance, and leakage current characteristics (density, 3rd harmonic amplitude, and phase). It was witnessed that the insulators, collected around the factory, were much more polluted in comparison to the initial expectation. The pollution level should not be considered static due to the environmental parameters’ dynamics. Lessons to learn: the reliability of an electrical grid is dependent on components whose own reliability is strongly affected by external factors, of which there is often a poor awareness. If care is not taken to re-evaluate the post-installation pollution levels of the insulators, the light may simply turn out!

scholarly journals A lightweight authentication and key agreement scheme for smart grid

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 155014771769417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Yan ◽  
Yan Chang ◽  
Shibin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Key Agreement ◽  
Mutual Authentication ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Advanced Metering Infrastructure ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Authentication And Key Agreement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Advanced Metering ◽  
Lightweight Authentication

Smart grid is a modernized electrical grid. It is used to collect information about behaviors of suppliers and consumers and improve the efficiency, reliability, and economics of electricity. Recently, advanced metering infrastructure is proposed as a critical part of the smart grid. The security of advanced metering infrastructure is special importance for smart grid. In order to achieve data confidentiality, privacy, and authentication in advanced metering infrastructure, a lightweight authentication and key agreement scheme is proposed in this article. The scheme provides mutual authentication, key agreement, key refreshment, and multicast mechanism which can prevent various attacks. Furthermore, we analyze the security and performance of the scheme. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme is suitable for smart grid.

Connect Time Limits and Performance Measures in a Dial-Up Modem Pool System

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Paul F. Schikora ◽  
Michael R. Godfrey ◽  
Brian D. Neureuther
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Actual System ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
For Profit ◽  
And Performance

Managing customer service is critical for both nonprofit and for-profit dial-up modem Internet service providers. When system operators face excess demand, they can either add capacity or adapt their management techniques to deal with their limited resources—this article considers the latter. We examine system configuration options and the resultant effects on customer service levels in a simulated dial-up modem pool operation. Specifically, we look at a single pool operation and examine the effects of imposing time limits in a seriously overloaded system. We analyze the results on several key customer service measures. The results show that imposing these limits will have a distinct, nonlinear impact on these measures. Customer productivity and actual system load are shown to have major impacts on the performance measures. Interactions between several system and environmental parameters are also discussed.

scholarly journals A low power automated MAX-DOAS instrument for the Arctic and other remote unmanned locations

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Carlson ◽  
D. Donohoue ◽  
U. Platt ◽  
W. R. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Trace Gas Emissions ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Data Acquisition Program ◽  
Response Biases

Abstract. Multiple Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (MAX-DOAS) systems are inherently very simple instruments, which have been shown to provide extremely useful information about a wide variety of environmental parameters. In order to exploit the potential of the technique we have developed a new field-deployable, passive MAX-DOAS system that is automated and uses little power (<3 W). This new instrument utilizes a fully enclosed scan head that protects all moving parts and optics from harsh environments. Instrument diagnostics, such as tilt monitoring and frost accumulation detection and removal, are integrated into the main data acquisition program, which then acts to remedy problems that were discovered. This full automation and data quality checking make this instrument ideal for long-term deployment at remote, unmanned locations around the world, such as in polar regions or in the monitoring of trace gas emissions from volcanoes. This instrument was recently integrated into an ice-tethered autonomous buoy and tested in Elson Lagoon, near Barrow, Alaska to monitor halogen chemistry in the Arctic. During this investigation, differential slant column densities (dSCDs) of BrO up to 6×1014 molecules/cm2 were observed. Typical spectral fit residual RMS optical densities were less than 6×10−4 for solar zenith angles (SZA) <80° and a 6-min integration time. Here we describe the design concepts and performance of this new MAX-DOAS instrument through detailed analyses of spectral quality, power usage, possible instrument response biases, and typical instrument operations.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND ODOUR POLLUTION IN ATMOSPHERE AT OIL AND GASOLINE HANDLING AND PROCESSING IMPACT ZONE

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Evita Muizniece-Treija ◽  
Iveta Šteinberga
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Private Monitoring ◽  
Pollution Levels

Air quality pollution problem is still one of the crucial points for citizens in Europe for already receiving increasing attention, particularly because of the major European cities 10 and more years. Although the EU's long-term goal is to achieve levels of air quality that do not impact and risks to human health and the environment, many of member states still didn`t reach stated goals. Additionally, to gaseous pollutants, recently specific type of pollution, - odour, seems to become more important. Usually in order to determine pollution levels, national, municipal and private monitoring equipment is used. For this research municipal monitoring site in Riga (Latvia), at Milgravja Street 10, controlling gaseous pollutants (SO2, O3, BTX, PM10) and airborne particulate matter, and private monitoring results from Riga, Milgravja Street 16, where odour pollution was obtained, are analysed. Distance between both stations are just 500 m. Measurements at municipal monitoring site is obtained by DOAS and gravimetric sampling, while at Milgravja 16 by photoionization method or so-called “electronic nose”. Monitoring results in municipal station show that in 2017 the average benzene concentration was 4,87 ug/m3, toluene – 8,89 ug /m3 and xylene – 5,07 ug/m3, while the odour pollution level does not exceed 5 odour units. In general estimation of pollution averaged annually do not show and explain variability of pollution levels. It`s well known that high BTX and odour pollution episodes occur in shorter periods, thus short term limit values would be useful in order to characterize short term effects on human health and well-being.

scholarly journals Brick Sector and Air Quality: An Integrated Assessment towards 2020 Challenge of Environment Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Shazia Pervaiz ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Ameer Nawaz Akram ◽  
Filza Zafar Khan ◽  
Kanwal Javid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

Brick sector is a mainstay of the urban economy of Punjab. The traditional technology of brick making emits a lot of toxic gases and smoke particulates into air. Hence, the Government of the Punjab, Pakistan announced a ban on low technology brick kiln operations during winter season by the end of December 2020. Initially, the existing set up of brick kilns and air pollution levels were evaluated before and during lockdown period using spatial application. Further, environmental parameters such as aerosols, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide were determined to analyze the air quality, including metrological factors. Results of the study exhibited that the upper and central regions of Punjab are the major hubs of brick kilns. So, the level of air quality was inconsistent in the study period due to the existence of large mushrooms of brick kilns. Further, despite lockdown the highest concentration of carbon monoxide was recorded in the eastern side of the province, such as Kasur, Lahore, and Sheikhupura. The level of aerosols also fluctuated and shifted its trends in the central and southern part of the province. While SO2 and CO2 level declined and revealed a satisfactory level of air quality during shutdown. On the other hand, no significant relation to metrological factors, such as rain, is involved in the pollution reduction. Conclusively, the findings of the present study encourage the government agencies to realign the stringent control measures to improve the quality of air in the winter months using the experience of quarantine in 2020.

scholarly journals CYP1A expression in freshwater fish of western New York as an indicator of pollution levels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Williams ◽  
Teri Koetsier ◽  
Seema Johnson ◽  
Kayla Miller ◽  
Theresa Taggart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Love Canal ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Nature Preserve ◽  
A Site

Various species of freshwater fish regulate the expression of certain proteins in response to environmental contamination. Previous research has shown that CYP1A expression increases in response to contaminant levels, and can result in increased tumor formation. Fish in contaminated environments would thus benefit by downregulating the expression of CYP1A to reduce tumor prevalence as an adaptive strategy. Alternatively, regulation of the CYP1A protein in fish can serve as a bioindicator of the pollution level of an environment. This study evaluated CYP1A expression in twelve different species of freshwater fish from seven bodies of water throughout western NY including Cuba Lake, Genesee River, Hanging Bog, Love Canal, Moss Lake, Rushford Lake and Tifft Nature Preserve. Western blot analysis was used to measure CYP1A expression as a marker of site pollution and potential fish population adaptation. It was hypothesized that low CYP1A expression at a site with known contamination would suggest signs of adaptation to pollution levels present. Furthermore, if at least one sample from a species showed CYP1A expression, then the CYP1A antibody (Caymen Chemical, USA; 173132) had compatibility with that species, eliminating falsely suspected adaptation. The results from this study suggest possible adaptation of fish may be occurring in the polluted Tifft Nature Preserve and Genesee River. In contrast, CYP1A expression in fish from Cuba Lake, Hanging Bog, Love Canal, Moss Lake, and Rushford Lake appear to represent known pollution levels and adaptation is not likely occurring. Results from this study are preliminary and next steps include collection and analysis of sediment to provide a stronger correlation between pollution at sites and CYP1A expression.

scholarly journals Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazed Yasin Ghadi ◽  
Ali M. Baniyounes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Heating And Cooling Load

<p>Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.</p>

scholarly journals Research on an Iot Based Air Pollution Monitoring System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S2) ◽  
pp. 553-558
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Different Sources

Humankind, moving to a period centered upon improvement has overlooked the significance of supportability and has been the real guilty party behind the rising Pollution levels in the world's air among all other living life forms. The Pollution levels at certain spots have come to such high degrees that they have begun hurting our very own It will being. An IoT based Air Pollution observing framework incorporates a MQ Series sensor interfaced to a Node MCU outfitted with an ESP8266 WLAN connector to send the sensor perusing to a Thing Speak cloud. Further extent of this work incorporates an appropriate AI model to foresee the air Pollution level and an anticipating model, which is fundamentally a subset of prescient displaying. As age of poisonous gases from ventures, vehicles and different sources is immensely expanding step by step, it winds up hard to control the dangerous gases from dirtying the unadulterated air. In this paper a practical air Pollution observing framework is proposed. This framework can be utilized for observing Pollutions in demeanor of specific territory and to discover the air peculiarity or property examination. The obligated framework will concentrate on the checking of air poisons concentrate with the assistance of mix of Internet of things with wireless sensor systems. The investigation of air quality should be possible by figuring air quality index (AQI)

scholarly journals A Novel Adjacent Sensors-Based Mechanism to Increase Performance of Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Shalabi ◽  
Jafar Ababneh ◽  
Waled Abdulraheem
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
And Performance

Wireless Sensor Networks are widely used nowadays to support the decision-makers in different applications by monitoring and collecting the environmental parameters in specific areas. Sensors are deployed in such areas either randomly or formally. In a high-density Wireless Sensor Network, several sensors are randomly deployed in a small area. This will make the adjacent sensors collect same data and send them to the sink, which will increase the power consumption in those sensors. Adjacent sensors are considered critical because of their effect on the network performance. In this paper, the effect of the adjacent sensors is minimized because of the above-mentioned criticality and performance influence of these sensors. The proposed mechanism is evaluated by using MATLAB simulator and is then compared with the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Results prove that the proposed mechanism outperforms the LEACH protocol by 21% in terms of the network lifetime and by 18% in terms of the number of the transmitted packets to the cluster heads and reduces the number of the transmitted packets to the base station by approximately 3% by avoiding the duplicated packets.

Nuclear Activation Techniques for Heavy Metal Pollutants

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33
Author(s):  
R.E. Jervis ◽  
B. Tiefenbach ◽  
W. LePage ◽  
J-L Debrun
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Water System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Fish Samples

Abstract The sensitive radioactivation analysis technique has considerable scope for application in environmental studies. In this paper the use of the applied nuclear method for the determination of nanogram to microgram quantities of several toxic metals (such as F, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Th) in environmental materials, is reported. In typical analyses, samples 0.05 to 0.5 grams in weight have been irradiated for periods up to 50 hours in the McMaster Reactor at approximately 1013 neutrons/cm2 sec thermal neutron flux. With certain samples the identification and determination of trace metal has been accomplished quickly and with high sensitivity by the use of instrumental or non-destructive g-ray spectrometry, while in certain other samples containing metals at lower concentrations, the analysis was facilitated by the use of a few radiochemical separation steps. The mercury content of fish samples taken from various water bodies in Ontario and elsewhere has been determined in the concentration range from 0.01 to 2 ppm. The levels found have been tentatively related to the particular species of fish and their feeding habits as well as to the pollution level in the water system. Similar pollution levels of Se and As have been determined in areas suspected of industrial pollution, and hair activation analyses have been used to monitor human ingestion of these and other toxic metals. A novel on-stream method for the detection of trace levels of metals such as Th and U is also outlined and its application to water pollutants such as P is discussed.

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