scholarly journals Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2984
Author(s):  
Anna Partridge ◽  
Ekaterina Sermyagina ◽  
Esa Vakkilainen
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Lignin Extraction

Upgrading biomass waste streams can improve economics in wood industries by adding value to the process. This work considers use of a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process for the residual feedstock after lignin and hemicelluloses extraction. Batch experiments were performed at 200–240 °C temperatures and three hours residence time with an 8:1 biomass to water ratio for two feedstocks: Raw spruce and spruce after lignin extraction. The proximate analysis and heating value showed similar results for both feedstocks, indicating that the thermochemical conversion is not impacted by the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses; the pretreatment processing slightly increases the heating value of the treated feedstock, but the HTC conversion process produces a consistent upgrading trend for both the treated and untreated feedstocks. The energy yield was 9.7 percentage points higher for the treated wood on average across the range temperatures due to the higher mass yield in the treated experiments. The energy densification ratio and the mass yield were strongly correlated with reaction temperature, while the energy yield was not. Lignocellulosic composition of the solid HTC product is mainly affected by HTC treatment, the effect of lignin extraction is negligible.

scholarly journals Preparation and properties of hydrochars from macadamia nut shell via hydrothermal carbonization

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 181126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyu Fan ◽  
Zongling Yang ◽  
Han Li ◽  
Zhengjun Shi ◽  
Huan Kan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production

Macadamia nut shell (MNS) is a type of waste lignocellulose obtained from macadamia nut production processing. Large MNS wastes caused serious resource waste and environmental pollution. So, preparation of hydrochars from MNS via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is of great significance. HTC of MNS was conducted to study the effect of process parameters, including HTC temperature (180–260°C) and residence time (60–180 min) on the properties of hydrochars. Results showed that the increase in HTC temperature and residence time decreased the mass yield of hydrochars and increased the high heating value of hydrochars. Furthermore, the C content of hydrochars increased, whereas the H and O contents decreased. Mass yield of hydrochar is 46.59%, energy yield is 64.55% and the higher heating value is 26.02 MJ kg −1 at a temperature of 260°C and time of 120 min. The surface structure of hydrochars was rougher compared with that of MNS as observed via scanning electron microscopy. The chemical and combustion behaviour of MNS and hydrochars was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that decarboxylation and dehydration reactions were the predominant pathways during the HTC process. Results showed that HTC can facilitate the transformation of MNS into solid fuel.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Magnesium Chloride for Solid Fuel Production

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Carrasco ◽  
Javier Silva ◽  
Ernesto Pino-Cortés ◽  
Jaime Gómez ◽  
Fidel Vallejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield

The effect of magnesium chloride as an additive of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass (Pinus radiata sawdust) was studied. The HTC tests were carried out at fixed conditions of temperature and residence time of 220 °C and 1 h, respectively, and varying the dose of magnesium chloride in the range 0.0–1.0 g MgCl2/g biomass. The carbonized product (hydrochar) was tested in order to determine its calorific value (HHV) while using PARR 6100 calorimeter, mass yield by gravimetry, elemental analysis using a LECO TruSpec elemental analyzer, volatile matter content, and ash content were obtained by standardized procedures using suitable ovens for it. The results show that using a dose of 0.75 g MgCl2/g biomass results in an impact on the mass yield that was almost equal to change operating conditions from 220 to 270 °C and from 0.5 to 1 h, without additive. Likewise, the calorific value increases by 33% for this additive dose, resulting in an energy yield of 68%, thus generating a solid fuel of prominent characteristics.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste under low temperature condition

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlian Eriska Putra ◽  
Enri Damanhuri ◽  
Kania Dewi ◽  
Ari Darmawan Pasek
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Stirred Reactor

In this paper, the use of banana peel for energy purposes was investigated. Banana peel is a lignocellulosic waste since it is the most widely produced and consumed fruit in Indonesia. Among the others, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was chosen as alternative themochemical process, suitable for high moisture biomass. Through a 1 L stirred reactor, hydrothermal treatments were performed under low temperature condition (190, 210 and 230 °C), residence times (30 and 60 min), and biomass to water ratio (1:3, 1:5, and 1:10). Three of product were collected from the process with primary material balance. Solid phase (hydrochar) was evaluated in terms of calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. The results suggested that the hydrothermal carbonization of banana peel gave high heating value (HHV) of 20.09 MJ/kg for its char after dried naturally.

scholarly journals Proof-of-Concept of High-Pressure Torrefaction for Improvement of Pelletized Biomass Fuel Properties and Process Cost Reduction

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4790
Author(s):  
Bartosz Matyjewicz ◽  
Kacper Świechowski ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
Andrzej Białowiec
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Pressure Impact ◽  
New Type ◽  
Process Energy ◽  
Ratio Energy

This paper provides a comprehensive description of the new approach to biomass torrefaction under high-pressure conditions. A new type of laboratory-scale high-pressure reactor was designed and built. The aim of the study was to compare the high-pressure torrefaction with conventional near atmospheric pressure torrefaction. Specifically, we investigated the torrefaction process influence on the fuel properties of wooden-pellet for two different pressure regimes up to 15 bar. All torrefaction processes were conducted at 300 °C, at 30 min of residence time. The initial analysis of the increased pressure impact on the torrefaction parameters: mass yields, energy densification ratio, energy yield, process energy consumption, the proximate analysis, high heating value, and energy needed to grind torrefied pellets was completed. The results show that high-pressure torrefaction needed up to six percent less energy, whereas energy densification in the pellet was ~12% higher compared to conventional torrefaction. The presence of pressure during torrefaction did not have an impact on the energy required for pellet grinding (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Experimental study on microwave torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Monika Kosowska-Golachowska ◽  
Aneta Magdziarz ◽  
Paweł Janus ◽  
Dariusz Urbaniak
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Agricultural Residue ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Microwave Power Level

This paper presents preliminary research of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction by using microwave heating. The experimental setup was developed using a microwave oven with 2.45 GHz frequency. The torrefaction effect was studied by varying the microwave power level (160-480 W) and reaction time (5-30 min). The two Polish biomass feedstock, agricultural residue (wheat straw) and energy crop (Miscanthus giganteus) were used in this study. Fuel properties like H/C and O/C ratio were assessed from elemental composition. Mass yield and energy yield of the torrefied fuels were also determined. It was found that higher microwave power levels contributed to higher heating rate and reaction temperature, and thus produced the torrefied biomass with higher heating value and lower H/C and O/C ratios.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization of Various Paper Mill Sludges: An Observation of Solid Fuel Properties

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nepu Saha ◽  
Akbar Saba ◽  
Pretom Saha ◽  
Kyle McGaughy ◽  
Diana Franqui-Villanueva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Secondary Sludge ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industries

Each year the pulp and paper industries generate enormous amounts of effluent treatment sludge. The sludge is made up of various fractions including primary, secondary, deinked, fiber rejects sludge, etc. The goal of this study was to evaluate the fuel properties of the hydrochars produced from various types of paper mill sludges (PMS) at 180 °C, 220 °C, and 260 °C. The hydrochars, as well as the raw feedstocks, were characterized by means of ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, moisture, ash, lignin, sugar, and higher heating value (HHVdaf) measurements. Finally, combustion indices of selected hydrochars were evaluated and compared with bituminous coal. The results showed that HHVdaf of hydrochar produced at 260 °C varied between 11.4 MJ/kg and 31.5 MJ/kg depending on the feedstock. This implies that the fuel application of hydrochar produced from PMS depends on the quality of feedstocks rather than the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperature. The combustion indices also showed that when hydrochars are co-combusted with coal, they have similar combustion indices to that of coal alone. However, based on the energy and ash contents in the produced hydrochars, Primary and Secondary Sludge (PPS2) could be a viable option for co-combustion with coal in an existing coal-fired power plant.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lemon Peel Waste: Preliminary Results on the Effects of Temperature during Process Water Recirculation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Antonio Picone ◽  
Maurizio Volpe ◽  
Maria Gabriella Giustra ◽  
Gaetano Di Bella ◽  
Antonio Messineo
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Lemon Peel ◽  
Liquid Load ◽  
Depth Analysis

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising thermochemical pre-treatment to convert waste biomass into solid biofuels. However, the process yields large amounts of organic process water (PW), which must be properly disposed of or reused. In this study, the PW produced from the hydrothermal carbonization of lemon peel waste (LP) was recycled into HTC process of LP with the aim of maximize energy recovery from the aqueous phase while saving water resources and mitigating the overall environmental impact of the process. The effects of HTC temperature on the properties of solid and liquid products were investigated during PW recirculation. Experiments were carried out at three different operating temperatures (180, 220, 250 °C), fixed residence times of 60 min, and solid to liquid load of 20 wt%, on a dry basis. Hydrochars were characterized in terms of proximate analysis and higher heating values while liquid phases were analyzed in terms of pH and total organic carbon content (TOC). PW recirculation led to a solid mass yield increase and the effect was more pronounced at lower HTC temperature. The increase of solid mass yield, after recirculation steps (maximum increase of about 6% at 180 °C), also led to a significant energy yield enhancement. Results showed that PW recirculation is a viable strategy for a reduction of water consumption and further carbon recovery; moreover preliminary results encourage for an in-depth analysis of the effects of the PW recirculation for different biomasses and at various operating conditions.

Effect of Soil on Fast Pyrolysis Products from Pine (Pinus taeda) Biomass

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujjain Pradhan ◽  
Sushil Adhikari ◽  
Oladiran Fasina ◽  
Hyungseok Nam
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
Bio Oil

Abstract. Detrital soil contamination during wood harvesting cannot be avoided without a further cleaning step. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Piedmont soil on pinewood pyrolysis products. Ash content was varied at 0.56%, 1.16%, 2.77%, 4.40%, 6.87%, 8.35%, and 15.52% by adding soil to woodchips to mimic the highly soil-contaminated biomass that can be found in biorefineries. This study found that bio-oil yield decreased from 47.1% to 26.3% with an increase in ash content from 0.56% to 15.52%. However, the oxygen content of the bio-oil decreased and the carbon content increased, which led to an increase in heating value from 22.5 to 24.9 MJ kg-1. Inorganics in the soil aided in the catalytic cracking and dehydration reactions for bio-oil formation. A slight increase in the total acid number (106 to 117 mg KOH g-1) and water content (20.72% to 24.99%) was observed with more soil inclusion in the pyrolysis. The effect of soil on biochar O/C and H/C ratios was minimal even though the heating value decreased with an increase in soil content. This study showed that soil (4%wt to 7%wt) in the biomass assisted in deoxygenating the bio-oil and lowered the total mass yield while keeping the total energy yield almost constant. Keywords: Fast pyrolysis, Pinewood, Pinus taeda, Soil, Thermochemical conversion.

scholarly journals Determination of Relationship between Higher Heating Value and Atomic Ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon in Spent Coffee Grounds by Hydrothermal Carbonization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6551
Author(s):  
Jung Eun Park ◽  
Gi Bbum Lee ◽  
Cheol Jin Jeong ◽  
Ho Kim ◽  
Choong Gon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Spent Coffee Grounds ◽  
Capillary Suction ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
Optimum Reaction

This study was a preliminary investigation of solid recovered fuel production from spent coffee grounds using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technique. The spent coffee grounds (SCGs) were subjected to HTC at 170 to 250 °C. The biochar was characterized by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, capillary suction time, time to filter, suspended solids, and particle size distribution. The biochar yields decreased with increasing HTC temperature and time. However, the higher heating value (HHV) of biochar increased with the HTC temperature and time. The H/C slop relative to the O/C atomic rate of spent coffee grounds was 0.10 with low decarboxylation selectivity. Considering the HHV of biochar and dehydration capacity depend on ratio of H/C vs. O/C, the optimum reaction temperature of HTC was 200 °C, and the biochar from SCGs is an attractive biochar.

scholarly journals Integration of Air Classification and Hydrothermal Carbonization to Enhance Energy Recovery of Corn Stover

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1397
Author(s):  
Md Tahmid Islam ◽  
Nepu Saha ◽  
Sergio Hernandez ◽  
Jordan Klinger ◽  
M. Toufiq Reza
Keyword(s):  
Corn Stover ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Air Classification ◽  
Fan Speed

Air classification (AC) is a cost-effective technology that separates the energy-dense light ash fraction (LAF) from the inorganic-rich high ash fraction (HAF) of corn stover. HAF could be upgraded into energy-dense solid fuel by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). However, HTC is a high-temperature, high-pressure process, which requires additional energy to operate. In this study, three different scenarios (i.e., AC only, HTC only, and integrated AC–HTC) were investigated for the energy recovery of corn stover. AC was performed on corn stover at an 8 Hz fan speed, which yielded 84.4 wt. % LAF, 12.8 wt. % HAF, and 2.8 wt. % below screen particles. About 27 wt. % ash was reduced from LAF by the AC process. Furthermore, HTC was performed on raw corn stover and the HAF of corn stover at 200, 230, and 260 °C for 30 min. To evaluate energy recovery, solid products were characterized in terms of mass yield, ash yield, ultimate analysis, proximate analyses, and higher heating value (HHV). The results showed that the energy density was increased with the increase in HTC temperature, meanwhile the mass yield and ash yield were decreased with the increase in HTC temperature. Proximate analysis showed that fixed carbon increased 18 wt. % for original char and 27 wt. % for HAF char at 260 °C, compared to their respective feedstocks. Finally, the hydrochar resulting from HAF was mixed with LAF and pelletized at 180 bar and 90 °C to densify the energy content. An energy balance of the integrated AC–HTC process was performed, and the results shows that integrated AC with HTC performed at 230 °C resulted in an additional 800 MJ/ton of energy recovery compared to the AC-only scenario.

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