scholarly journals Energy Multiphase Model for Biocoal Conversion Systems by Means of a Nodal Network

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz M. Paredes-Sánchez ◽  
José P. Paredes-Sánchez ◽  
Paulino J. García-Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Multiphase Model ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The World ◽  
Conversion Technologies

The coal-producing territories in the world are facing the production of renewable energy in their thermal systems. The production of biocoal has emerged as one of the most promising thermo-energetic conversion technologies, intended as an alternative fuel to coal. The aim of this research is to assess how the model of biomass to biocoal conversion in mining areas is applied for thermal systems engineering. The Central Asturian Coal Basin (CACB; Spain) is the study area. The methodology used allows for the analysis of the resource as well as the thermo-energetic conversion and the management of the bioenergy throughout the different phases in a process of analytical hierarchy. This is carried out using a multiphase mathematical algorithm based on the availability of resources, the thermo-energetic conversion, and the energy management in the area of study. Based on the working conditions, this research highlights the potential of forest biomass as a raw material for biocoal production as well as for electrical and thermal purposes. The selected node operates through the bioenergy-match mode, which has yielded outputs of 23 MWe and 172 MWth, respectively.

scholarly journals Contribution of Cyanotoxins to the Ecotoxicological Role of Lichens

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Dobri Ivanov ◽  
Galina Yaneva ◽  
Irina Potoroko ◽  
Diana G. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The fascinating world of lichens draws the attention of the researchers because of the numerous properties of lichens used traditionally and, in modern times, as a raw material for medicines and in the perfumery industry, for food and spices, for fodder, as dyes, and for other various purposes all over the world. However, lichens being widespread symbiotic entities between fungi and photosynthetic partners may acquire toxic features due to either the fungi, algae, or cyano-procaryotes producing toxins. By this way, several common lichens acquire toxic features. In this survey, recent data about the ecology, phytogenetics, and biology of some lichens with respect to the associated toxin-producing cyanoprokaryotes in different habitats around the world are discussed. Special attention is paid to the common toxins, called microcystin and nodularin, produced mainly by the Nostoc species. The effective application of a series of modern research methods to approach the issue of lichen toxicity as contributed by the cyanophotobiont partner is emphasized.

scholarly journals Possibilities of the Development of Edible Insect-Based Foods in Europe

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Magdalena Skotnicka ◽  
Kaja Karwowska ◽  
Filip Kłobukowski ◽  
Aleksandra Borkowska ◽  
Magdalena Pieszko
Keyword(s):  
Material Processing ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Edible Insect ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

All over the world, a large proportion of the population consume insects as part of their diet. In Western countries, however, the consumption of insects is perceived as a negative phenomenon. The consumption of insects worldwide can be considered in two ways: on the one hand, as a source of protein in countries affected by hunger, while, on the other, as an alternative protein in highly-developed regions, in response to the need for implementing policies of sustainable development. This review focused on both the regulations concerning the production and marketing of insects in Europe and the characteristics of edible insects that are most likely to establish a presence on the European market. The paper indicates numerous advantages of the consumption of insects, not only as a valuable source of protein but also as a raw material rich in valuable fatty acids, vitamins, and mineral salts. Attention was paid to the functional properties of proteins derived from insects, and to the possibility for using them in the production of functional food. The study also addresses the hazards which undoubtedly contribute to the mistrust and lowered acceptance of European consumers and points to the potential gaps in the knowledge concerning the breeding conditions, raw material processing and health safety. This set of analyzed data allows us to look optimistically at the possibilities for the development of edible insect-based foods, particularly in Europe.

Comparative Study on Mechanical Strength Properties of Concrete by Using Demolished Concrete Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-239
Author(s):  
Sabarinathan K ◽  
Ashwathi R
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
The World ◽  
Day By Day

The growing environmental awareness and Construction waste, is increasing day by day which in turn makes the world in seeking for examining the characteristics of Construction waste and obtaining a solution by using its reliable segments such that it can be used as a raw material and Conservation the natural recourses like Coarse aggregate

scholarly journals Macro and micro minerals: are frozen fruits a good source?

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia D.S. Spada ◽  
Giovana V. Bortolin ◽  
Daniel Prá ◽  
Carla E.I. Santos ◽  
Johnny F. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
The World ◽  
Ice Creams

Fruits are rich in minerals, which are essential for a wide variety of metabolic and physiologic processes in the human body. The use of frozen fruits has greatly spread in the last years not only in the preparation of juices, but also as raw material for yogurts, candies, cookies, cakes, ice creams, and children's food. However, up to now there is no data about the mineral profile of frozen fruits. This is the first database to quantify the levels of minerals in 23 samples of frozen fruits, including the most used around the world and some native fruits from the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Considering the Dietary Reference Intakes, 100g of frozen fruits can provide 0.2 to 2.8% of macro and 2.5 to 100% of microminerals for adults (31-50 years old). Although geographical differences should be considered, these data can help to plan diets and to develop population interventions aiming to prevent chronic diseases.

Compressive Strength and Density of Cementless Unfired Lightweight Brick Utilizing Coal Ash from Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 527-531
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ezad Hafez Mohd Pahroraji ◽  
Hamidah Mohd Saman ◽  
Mohamad Nidzam Rahmat ◽  
Kartini Kamaruddin ◽  
Ahmad Faiz Abdul Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Blastfurnace Slag

Millions tons of coal ash which constitute of fly ash and bottom ash were produced annually throughout the world. They were significant to be developed as masonry brick to substitute the existing widely used traditional material such as clay and sand brick which were produced from depleting and dwindling natural resources. In the present study, the coal ash from coal-fired thermal power plant was used as the main raw material for the fabrication of cementless unfired lightweight brick. The binder comprising of Hydrated Lime (HL)-activated Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS) system at binding ratio 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 were used to stabilize the coal ash in the fabrication process of the brick. Foam was used to lightweight the brick. The compressive strength and ambient density were evaluated on the brick. The results indicated that the brick incorporating HL-GGBS system achieved higher strength of 20.84N/mm2 at 28 days compare to the HL system with strength of 13.98N/mm2 at 28 days. However, as the quantity of foam increase at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, the strength and density for the brick decreased.

scholarly journals Efeitos da Expansão do Biodiesel e da Troca de Fontes Triglicerídeas no Cenário Energético Brasileiro

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Gerd Brantes Angelkorte
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
World Population ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
The World ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Plant Sources

The concern with global warming impacts on the environment has made the world population search for new energy sources that are less aggressive to the environment. Therefore, biodiesel has become more relevant and has expanded its proportion in the blend with diesel. However, Brazil still uses about 20% of bovine tallow, which emits large amount of GHG, degrades the soil and entails great water consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibilities and effects of the substitution of this nonrenewable source for others of vegetable origin, as well as the environmental effects of increasing the percentage of biodiesel, reaching levels of 20% and 30%. Hence, two types of biodiesel were produced and tested, with and without bovine tallow, and the results obtained and data from the diesel fleet were used to model the impacts and CO2eq emissions with the aid of the MoMo Lite model in Brazil. It was possible to determine the great benefit of adopting higher levels of biodiesel in diesel (especially when there was a substitution of bovine tallow for plant sources), besides the importance of adopting broader analysis of the whole production cycle of the raw material. Since only CO2eq emission data were observed at the burning, the results varied only 10%, but when the results were analyzed through the well-to-tank, this variation rose to 52%.

scholarly journals World corn market: analysis, trends and prospects of its deep processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-111
Author(s):  
Natalia Tanklevska ◽  
Viktoriia Petrenko ◽  
Alla Karnaushenko ◽  
Kateryna Melnykova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
World Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Deep Processing ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Corn Processing

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects of deep processing of corn in Ukraine, taking into account the restraining factors of development, on the basis of the analysis of the state and tendencies of functioning of the world market of corn. Methodology / approach. During the research, general scientific and special research methods were used, in particular: analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction – in determining the purpose and formulating conclusions; comparative, calculation, statistical and graphical ones – in the assessment, analysis, comparison and establishment of patterns of the current state and trends in the production of corn and its deep processing; program-target one – to substantiate the factors of intensification of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. Results. The analysis was carried out and tendencies of world corn production were determined. The shares of countries-producers and countries-consumers of corn were calculated; their dynamics of changes were analyzed. Analysis of the dynamics of prices for corn grain on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange indicates that the price of raw materials is gradually declining, so agricultural enterprises that sell corn as a raw material, lose income from its production. The structure of corn use in different directions in the world was analyzed, and the structure of its use in the USA was considered in more detail. Factors of activation of deep processing of corn were identified. In Ukraine, deep grain processing as an industry is just beginning to develop, so it is worth processing corn, based on the experience of leading countries, such as the USA and China. Estimated costs for the construction of a modern plant for deep processing of corn and income from the implementation of this investment project were calculated. Originality/scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the world corn market; economic substantiation of expediency of corn processing in Ukraine; improving the system of factors to intensify the development of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the results of the study is that they will contribute to the formation of the concept of intensifying the development of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. The main results can be used by agro-industrial enterprises during the development of deep corn processing projects.

scholarly journals TEOLOGI BURUH : Agama dan Sikap Pasrah Perempuan Buruh Sanggan Batik

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Rahmawati ◽  
M. Muslih Husein ◽  
Asmuni Hayat
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
The World ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

This qualitative descriptive research aimed to describe in detail the meaning of the values of religion and expression of women's resignation batik workers in the struggle of the production process, and the factors that influence it. Research was taken place in Pekalongan city and data obtained through observation, interviews, and literary studies. The results showed that deep belief in God is the foundation of understanding of the value of religion in the world of work as well when they interact with the skipper and other workers. The expression of resignation is seen almost in all stages from raw material procurement, production to marketing. Surrender women sanggan also evident in labor relations and outside the employment relationship, which is due to the fact that the religious elite is skipper and social conditions of patriarchal religious culture.

scholarly journals Regulatory Requirement and Step for Registration and Approval of Indian Drug Products in Overseas Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushikesh Aher ◽  
Pratik Aher ◽  
Tejas Ahire ◽  
Hitesh V. Shahare ◽  
Charulata T. Nemade
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Overseas Market

The Indian pharmaceuticals market is the third largest in terms of volume and thirteenth largest in terms of value. It has established itself as a global manufacturing and research hub. A large raw material base and the availability of a skilled workforce give the industry a definite competitive advantage. India has one of the lowest manufacturing costs in the world. The regulatory requirements of various countries of the world vary from each other. Therefore, it is challenging for Indian companies to develop a single drug that can be simultaneously submitted in all the countries for approval. The role of the regulatory authorities is to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of all medicines in circulation in their country. It not only includes the process of regulating and monitoring the drugs but also the process of manufacturing, distribution, and promotion of it. One of the primary challenges for regulatory authority is to ensure that the pharmaceutical products are developed as per the regulatory requirement of that country. This process involves the assessment of critical parameters during product development. This article covers the processes involved and requirements like import-export code, technical documentation, filing and reviewing process of drug master file, certificate of pharmaceutical product, common technical document (CTD), eCTD, and ACTD, for the registration and approval of Indian drug products in the overseas market.

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