scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel Synthesised from Grape Seed, Philippine Tung, Kesambi, and Palm Oils

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
A.S. Silitonga ◽  
D. Gumilang ◽  
Fitranto Kusumo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Schleichera Oleosa ◽  
Grape Seed Oil

The production of biodiesel using vegetable oil is an effective way to meet growing energy demands, which could potentially reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate grape seed (Vitis vinifera), Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma), and kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) oils as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production to meet this demand. Firstly, biodiesels from these oils were produced and then their fatty acid methyl ester profiles and physicochemical properties were evaluated and compared with palm biodiesel. The results showed that the biodiesel produced from grape seed oil possessed the highest oxidation stability of 4.62 h. On the other hand, poor oxidation stability was observed for Philippine tung biodiesel at 2.47 h. The poor properties of Philippine tung biodiesel can be attributed to the presence of α-elaeostearic fatty acid. Furthermore, synthetic antioxidants (pyrogallol) and diesel were used to improve the oxidation stability. The 0.2 wt.% concentration of pyrogallol antioxidant could increase the oxidation stability of grape seed biodiesel to 6.24 h, while for kesambi and Philippine tung, biodiesels at higher concentrations of 0.3% and 0.4 wt.%, respectively, were needed to meet the minimum limit of 8 h. The blending of biodiesel with fossil diesel at different ratios can also increase the oxidation stability.

scholarly journals Low-temperature and atmospheric pressure plasma for palm biodiesel hydrogenation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grittima Kongprawes ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Suttichai Assabumrungrat
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Partial Hydrogenation ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Plasma Hydrogenation

AbstractPartially hydrogenated fatty acid methyl ester (H-FAME) is conventionally produced through partial hydrogenation under high pressure and elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Herein, a novel green, catalyst-free, non-thermal and atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was employed instead of a conventional method to hydrogenate palm FAME. H-FAME became more saturated with the conversion of C18:2 and C18:3 of 47.4 and 100%, respectively, at 100 W input power, 1 mm gas-filled gap size and 80% H2 in the mixed gas at room temperature for 5 h, causing a reduction of the iodine value from 50.2 to 43.5. Oxidation stability increased from 12.8 to 20 h while a cloud point changed from 13.5 to 16 °C. Interestingly, DBD plasma hydrogenation resulted in no trans-fatty acid formation which provided a positive effect on the cloud point. This green DBD plasma system showed a superior performance to a conventional catalytic reaction. It is an alternative method that is safe from explosion due to the mild operating condition, as well as being highly environmentally friendly by reducing waste and energy utilization from the regeneration process required for a catalytic process. This novel green plasma hydrogenation technique could also be applied to other liquid-based processes.

scholarly journals A Robust Two-Step Process for the Efficient Conversion of Acidic Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaojian Ma ◽  
Lingmei Dai ◽  
Dehua Liu ◽  
Wei Du
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Negative Effect

Acidic oil, which is easily obtained and with lower cost, is a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Apart from containing large quantity of FFAs (free fatty acids), acidic oil usually contains some amount of inorganic acid, glycerides and some other complex components, leading to complicated effect on lipase’s catalytic performance. Exploring the efficient process of converting acidic oil for biodiesel production is of great significance to promote the use of acidic oil. A two-step conversion process for acidic soybean oil was proposed in this paper, where sulfuric acid-mediated hydrolysis was adopted first, then the hydrolyzed free fatty acid, collected from the upper oil layer was further subject to the second-step esterification catalyzed by immobilized lipase Novozym435. Through this novel process, the negative effect caused by harmful impurities and by-product glycerol on lipase was eliminated. A fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 95% could be obtained with the acid value decreased to 4 mgKOH/g from 188 mgKOH/g. There was no obvious loss in lipase’s activity and a FAME yield of 90% could be maintained with the lipase being repeatedly used for 10 batches. This process was found to have a good applicability to different acidic oils, indicating it has great prospect for converting low quality oil sources for biodiesel preparation.

scholarly journals Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from fruit pulps for biodiesel production using GC-MS spectrometry

Bioengineered ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferruh Asci ◽  
Busra Aydin ◽  
Gulderen Uysal Akkus ◽  
Arzu Unal ◽  
Sevim Feyza Erdogmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Methyl

Biodiesel Production from Dairy Scum Oil by Using Heterogeneous Catalyst and its Performance Test on CI Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 810-814
Author(s):  
B.R. Omkaresh ◽  
S.B. Arun ◽  
R. Suresh ◽  
K.V. Yathish
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Brake Power ◽  
Ci Engine ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Now a days increasing in prices and depletion of fossil fuels, creates very necessary to find out an alternative fuel (biodiesel) from renewable natural resources. This paper deals with the transesterification of animal fat (dairy scum oil) to obtain Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or biodiesel in presence of calcium oxide catalyst at 65°C. The properties of produced biodiesels and their blend for different ratios (B10, B20, B30 and B100) are comparable with properties of diesel and ASTM biodiesel standards. Tests have been conducted on CI engine for different blends of biodiesel with standard diesel, at an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 17.5, fixed injection pressure of 200bar and varying brake power. The performance parameters includes brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, Exhaust gas temperature and emissions parameters as Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbon (HC) and Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) varying against Brake Power (BP).

Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Athitan Timyamprasert ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Kasem Chunkao ◽  
Juan L. Silva ◽  
Tae Jo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.

Anti-Oxidation Stability and its Mechanism of Waste Oil Biodiesel

2013 ◽  
Vol 739 ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Jiang Wu ◽  
Bo Shui Chen ◽  
Jian Hua Fang ◽  
Jiu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Set Up

The anti-oxidation stability of waste oil biodiesel (WME) was evaluated on an oxidation simulator set up by the author. The results showed that oxidative stability of WME was worse than that of petrodiesel by exhibiting higher acid values and peroxide values, as well as greater viscosity increases after oxidation. Furthermore, a conjecture was taken about the configurational changes and the oxidation mechanisms of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester molecules in the oxidation process, according to the principles of free radical reactions and the results of both infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis. An idea was put forward that, during oxidation, cis-trans isomerization might occur in unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester molecules and conjugated double-bond might produce due to transfer of double-bond.

Biodiesel Production from Used Vegetable Oil Using Ethanol and Sodium Methoxide Catalyst

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 551-555
Author(s):  
Sureerat Namwong ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol or ethanol. In this study, used vegetable oil was transesterified with ethanol using sodium methoxide as catalyst. Parameter affecting the process transesterification were investigated follow this detail. The effects of catalyst to oil volume ratio (3-7:100 %v/v), ethanol to oil volume ratio (20-40:100 %v/v), reaction temperature (55-70 °C) and reaction time (15-90 min.) on the percentage conversion of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The FAEE and FAME conversion were detected by 1H-NMR. The result showed that the maximum percentages at 84 % of FAEE and 16 % of FAME were obtained. These conversions were obtained at the catalyst to oil volume ratio of 4:100 %v/v, ethanol to oil volume ratio of 35:100 %v/v, temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 75 min. The properties of mixed FAEE and FAME biodiesel were within the limits of EN standard. The confirmation result by 1H-NMR and ATR-FTIR also indicated the conversion of used vegetable oil into biodiesel.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natta Pimngern ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

scholarly journals Development of Microwave-Assisted Sulfonated Glucose Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-622
Author(s):  
Nur Nazlina Saimon ◽  
Mazura Jusoh ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Preparation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Screening Process

Microwave-heating method for catalyst preparation has been utilized recently due to its shorter operation time compared to the conventional method. Glucose, a renewable carbon source can be partially carbonized and sulfonated via microwave heating which could result in highly potential heterogeneous carbon-based acid catalyst. In this study, the impacts of the carbonization and sulfonation parameters during the catalyst preparation were investigated. Catalysts prepared were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and Temperature Programmed Desorption–Ammonia (TPD-NH3). Analysis of the carbonization screening process discovered that the best incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) prepared was at 20 minutes, 20 g of D(+)-glucose with medium microwave power level (400W) which exhibited the highest percentage yield (91.41%) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The total surface area and acid site density obtained were 16.94 m2/g and 25.65 mmol/g, respectively. Regeneration test was further carried out and succeeded to achieve 6 cycles. The highest turnover frequency (TOF) of the sulfonated catalyst was methyl palmitate, 25.214´10−3 s−1 compared to other component of the methyl ester. Kinetic study was developed throughout the esterification process and activation energy from the forward and reverse reaction was 3.36 kJ/mol and 11.96 kJ/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

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