scholarly journals Large Scale Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Practice

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisca Zweistra ◽  
Stan Janssen ◽  
Frank Geerts
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Energy Grid ◽  
Charging Strategy ◽  
Share Information

The energy system is changing due to a steady increase in electric vehicles on the demand side and local production (mostly through solar panels) on the production side. Both developments can put the energy grid under stress during certain timeframes, while there might be enough capacity on the grid most of the day. Smart charging of electric vehicles might be a solution to time dependent congestion. In this study, a smart charging strategy was developed and tested in large scale with 1000 public chargers, operated in the real word. We developed and tested protocols to temporarily limit the charger capacity based on the transformer data and the number of running sessions. Over 150,000 sessions were handled, of which almost half were influenced by the smart charging strategy applied. We found that we were able to keep within the grid limits by using these controls, without hindering the driver experience. Further improvements to the smart charging strategy can be made as soon as car manufacturers share information about the car battery such as the state of charge.

scholarly journals On the Role of Electric Vehicles towards Low-Carbon Energy Systems: Italy and Germany in Comparison

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bellocchi ◽  
Kai Klöckner ◽  
Michele Manno ◽  
Michel Noussan ◽  
Michela Vellini
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Low Carbon Energy ◽  
The Impact

Electric vehicles, being able to reduce pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions and shift the economy away from oil products, can play a major role in the transition towards low-carbon energy systems. However, the related increase in electricity demand inevitably affects the strategic planning of the overall energy system as well as the definition of the optimal power generation mix. With this respect, the impact of electric vehicles may vary significantly depending on the composition of both total primary energy supply and electricity generation. In this study, Italy and Germany are compared to highlight how a similarity in their renewable shares not necessarily leads to a CO2 emissions reduction. Different energy scenarios are simulated with the help of EnergyPLAN software assuming a progressive increase in renewable energy sources capacity and electric vehicles penetration. Results show that, for the German case, the additional electricity required leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions only if renewable capacity increases significantly, whereas the Italian energy system benefits from transport electrification even at low renewable capacity. Smart charging strategies are also found to foster renewable integration; however, power curtailments are still significant at high renewable capacity in the absence of large-scale energy storage systems.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Impact of Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles for a Swedish Distribution Network

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Johansson ◽  
Jonas Persson ◽  
Stavros Lazarou ◽  
Andreas Theocharis
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
The Impact

Social considerations for a sustainable future lead to market demands for electromobility. Hence, electrical power distribution operators are concerned about the real ongoing problem of the electrification of the transport sector. In this regard, the paper aims to investigate the large-scale integration of electric vehicles in a Swedish distribution network. To this end, the integration pattern is taken into consideration as appears in the literature for other countries and applies to the Swedish culture. Moreover, different charging power levels including smart charging techniques are examined for several percentages of electric vehicles penetration. Industrial simulation tools proven for their accuracy are used for the study. The results indicate that the grid can manage about 50% electric vehicles penetration at its current capacity. This percentage decreases when higher charging power levels apply, while the transformers appear overloaded in many cases. The investigation of alternatives to increase the grid’s capabilities reveal that smart techniques are comparable to the conventional re-dimension of the grid. At present, the increased integration of electric vehicles is manageable by implementing a combination of smart gird and upgrade investments in comparison to technically expensive alternatives based on grid digitalization and algorithms that need to be further confirmed for their reliability for power sharing and energy management.

scholarly journals A Brief Survey on Important Interconnection Standards for Photovoltaic Systems and Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Suvetha Poyyamani Poyyamani Sunddararaj ◽  
Shriram S. Rangarajan ◽  
Subashini Nallusamy ◽  
E. Randolph Collins ◽  
Tomonobu Senjyu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reliable Operation ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Cost Distance ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Charging Stations

The consumer adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has become most popular. Numerous studies are being carried out on the usage of EVs, the challenges of EVs, and their benefits. Based on these studies, factors such as battery charging time, charging infrastructure, battery cost, distance per charge, and the capital cost are considered factors in the adoption of electric vehicles and their interconnection with the grid. The large-scale development of electric vehicles has laid the path to Photovoltaic (PV) power for charging and grid support, as the PV panels can be placed at the top of the smart charging stations connected to a grid. By proper scheduling of PV and grid systems, the V2G connections can be made simple. For reliable operation of the grid, the ramifications associated with the PV interconnection must be properly addressed without any violations. To overcome the above issues, certain standards can be imposed on these systems. This paper mainly focuses on the various standards for EV, PV systems and their interconnection with grid-connected systems.

scholarly journals Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2383
Author(s):  
Felix Guthoff ◽  
Nikolai Klempp ◽  
Kai Hufendiek
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
The Impact

Electrification offers an opportunity to decarbonize the transport sector, but it might also increase the need for flexibility options in the energy system, as the uncoordinated charging process of battery electric vehicles (BEV) can lead to a demand with high simultaneity. However, coordinating BEV charging by means of smart charging control can also offer substantial flexibility potential. This potential is limited by restrictions resulting from individual mobility behavior and preferences. It cannot be assumed that storage capacity will be available at times when the impact of additional flexibility potential is highest from a systemic point of view. Hence, it is important to determine the flexibility available per vehicle in high temporal (and spatial) resolution. Therefore, in this paper a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulation is carried out based on a vast empirical data set to quantify mobility profiles as accurately as possible and to subsequently derive charging load profiles. An hourly flexibility potential is derived and integrated as load shift potential into a linear optimization model for the simultaneous cost-optimal calculation of the dispatch of technology options and long-term capacity planning to meet a given electricity demand. It is shown that the costs induced by BEV charging are largely determined by the profile costs from the combination of the profiles of charging load and renewable generation, and not only by the additional energy and capacity demand. If the charging process can be flexibly controlled, the storage requirement can be reduced and generation from renewable energies can be better integrated.

scholarly journals An Integrated Optimisation-Simulation Framework for Scalable Smart Charging and Relocation of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3633
Author(s):  
Riccardo Iacobucci ◽  
Raffaele Bruno ◽  
Jan-Dirk Schmöcker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Electricity Storage ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Charging Strategy ◽  
Independent Optimisation ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Ride-hailing with autonomous electric vehicles and shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) systems are expected to become widely used within this decade. These electrified vehicles can be key enablers of the shift to intermittent renewable energy by providing electricity storage to the grid and offering demand flexibility. In order to accomplish this goal, practical smart charging strategies for fleets of SAEVs must be developed. In this work, we present a scalable, flexible, and practical approach to optimise the operation of SAEVs including smart charging based on dynamic electricity prices. Our approach integrates independent optimisation modules with a simulation model to overcome the complexity and scalability limitations of previous works. We tested our solution on real transport and electricity data over four weeks using a publicly available dataset of taxi trips from New York City. Our approach can significantly lower charging costs and carbon emissions when compared to an uncoordinated charging strategy, and can lead to beneficial synergies for fleet operators, passengers, and the power grid.

scholarly journals A Heat Pump-Based Multi-source Renewable Energy System for the Building Air Conditioning: The IDEAS Project Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Silvia Cesari ◽  
Alessia Natali ◽  
Barbara Larwa ◽  
Eleonora Baccega ◽  
Elena Mainardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Renewable Energy System

The current paper presents the state-of-the-art of the ongoing IDEAS research project, funded under the Horizon 2020 EU framework programme. The project involves fourteen partners from six European countries and proposes a multi-source cost-effective renewable energy system for the decarbonisation of the building envelope. The system features a radiant floor fed by a heat pump for the building thermal management. The heat pump can exploit sun, air, and/or ground as thermal sources through the use of photovoltaic/thermal solar panels, air heat exchangers, and shallow ground flat-panel heat exchangers. Thermal energy storage is achieved by means of phase change materials spread along several system components, such as: radiant floor to increase its thermal inertia, solar panels for cooling purposes, ground to enhance soil thermal capacity. Within the project framework, a small-scale building, featuring a plethora of sensors for test purposes, and two large-scale buildings are meant to be equipped with the renewable energy system proposed. The small-scale building is currently in operation, and the first results are discussed in the present work. Preliminary data suggest that while multi-source systems coupled with heat pumps are particularly effective, it is complex to obtain suitable thermal energy storages on urban scale.

scholarly journals Demand side management based charging strategy for fleet of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Sachpreet Kaur ◽  
Ravtej Singh Sandhu ◽  
Tarlochan Kaur ◽  
Rintu Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Electric Grid ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Charging Strategy

In coming years, the widespread use of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) will impose a significant burden on the existing electric grid. The situation may worsen due to uncontrolled charging strategies adopted for PHEVs. On the other hand, these PHEVs, if charged through proper control mechanisms may reduce additional dynamic load demands. Also, if utilized properly, they may provide significant support to electric grid from time to time. The entire process of regulating the power exchanged with PHEVs w.r.t the existing grid conditions is well known as Demand Side Management (DSM). To indulge PHEVs in DSM, an accurate estimate of characteristics of PHEVs, both on-road and off-road, is necessary. Thus, this study aims to mathematically model the behaviour of four imperative parameters of PHEVs. These are dynamic travel behaviour, battery state-of-charge (SOC) requirements, the energy demands of PHEVs and, total power exchanged by PHEVs with the electric grid. In addition to this, a smart charging strategy is proposed and tested to verify the ability of PHEVs for participating in DSM for peak load management. The impacts of uncontrolled charging and smart charging of PHEVs on grid power demands are also discussed.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géremi Gilson Dranka ◽  
Paula Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
The Impact

Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future may require a set of transformations in the global energy sector. Although several studies have recognized the importance of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for power systems, no large-scale studies have been performed to assess the impact of this technology in energy systems combining a diverse set of renewable energies for electricity production and biofuels in the transportation sector such as the case of Brazil. This research makes several noteworthy contributions to the current literature, including not only the evaluation of the main impacts of EVs’ penetration in a renewable electricity system but also a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) that estimates the overall level of CO2 emissions resulted from the EVs integration. Findings of this study indicated a clear positive effect of increasing the share of EVs on reducing the overall level of CO2 emissions. This is, however, highly dependent on the share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the power system and the use of biofuels in the transport sector but also on the credits resulting from the battery recycling materials credit and battery reuse credit. Our conclusions underline the importance of such studies in providing support for the governmental discussions regarding potential synergies in the use of bioresources between transport and electricity sectors.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicles and Their Role in the Energy System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archie Corliss
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Renewable Generation ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Solar Generation

Electric vehicles can help decarbonise both transport and electricity supply for Great Britain. This is both via reduced tailpipe emissions and due to the flexibility in charge and discharge that EV batteries can offer to the electricity system. For example, smart charging of electric vehicles could enable the storage of roughly one fifth of GB’s solar generation for when this energy is needed. However, to do this, the market needs to align vehicle charging behaviour to complement renewable generation and meet system needs.

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