scholarly journals The Four-C Framework for High Capacity Ultra-Low Latency in 5G Networks: A Review

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelechi ◽  
Alsharif ◽  
Ramly ◽  
Abdullah ◽  
Nordin
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Network latency will be a critical performance metric for the Fifth Generation (5G) networks expected to be fully rolled out in 2020 through the IMT-2020 project. The multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technology is a key enabler for the 5G massive connectivity criterion, especially from the massive densification perspective. Naturally, it appears that 5G MU-MIMO will face a daunting task to achieve an end-to-end 1 ms ultra-low latency budget if traditional network set-ups criteria are strictly adhered to. Moreover, 5G latency will have added dimensions of scalability and flexibility compared to prior existing deployed technologies. The scalability dimension caters for meeting rapid demand as new applications evolve. While flexibility complements the scalability dimension by investigating novel non-stacked protocol architecture. The goal of this review paper is to deploy ultra-low latency reduction framework for 5G communications considering flexibility and scalability. The Four (4) C framework consisting of cost, complexity, cross-layer and computing is hereby analyzed and discussed. The Four (4) C framework discusses several emerging new technologies of software defined network (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and fog networking. This review paper will contribute significantly towards the future implementation of flexible and high capacity ultra-low latency 5G communications.

scholarly journals Τεχνοοικονομική διαχείριση κινητών δικτύων πέμπτης γεννιάς (5G) και εξής

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Κόλλια. Αναστασία
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Software Defined Networks ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Antenna Systems

Σήμερα, η χρήση κινητών δικτύων αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της καθημερινότητας. Οι χρήστες χρησιμοποιούν το κινητό τόσο για κλήσεις και μηνύματα όσο και για κοινωνικά δίκτυα, βίντεο, ταινίες, εφαρμογές ασκήσεις και φυσικής κατάστασης, παιχνίδια, εφαρμογές γραφείου, ημερολόγια κλπ. Η χρηστικότητα των συσκευών όχι μόνο έχει αλλάξει άρδην τα τελευταία χρόνια, αλλά αναμένεται να μεταβληθεί ακόμα περισσότερο ιδίως όταν εφαρμογές Internet of Things (IoT) προστεθούν στην ήδη διευρυμένη χρήση των κινητών συσκευών. Ακόμα, εμφανίζεται η τάση προσθήκης στο δίκτυο άλλων απλών οικιακών συσκευών και άλλου επιπρόσθετου εξοπλισμού π.χ. ιατρικών μικροσυσκευών, συσκευών παρακολούθησης, καμερών ασφαλείας κλπ. Η διδακτορική αυτή διατριβή αποτελεί μία συνολική μελέτη και περιλαμβάνει ένα πλαίσιο σχετικά με την πέμπτη γενιά κινητής τηλεπικοινωνίας. Αναλύεται η κατάσταση των Τηλεπικοινωνιών στην Ελλάδα σε βάθος. Ακόμα, περιγράφονται οι σημαντικότερες έννοιες και τα πιο βασικά βήματα και οι σημαντικότερες εξελίξεις των υπαρχουσών γενεών κινητών δικτύων επικοινωνίας. Επιπρόσθετα, περιγράφεται το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο για τα κινητά δίκτυα επικοινωνίας, καθώς και διάφοροι όροι, που είναι απαραίτητοι για την κατανόηση της παρούσας διατριβής. Αναλύονται διεξοδικά οι σημαντικότερες τεχνολογίες, που αποτελούν δομικούς λίθους για την ανάπτυξη, αλλά και την εξέλιξη στη δόμηση και ύπαρξη της 5G γενιάς κινητής τηλεπικοινωνίας, όπως έχει ήδη περιγραφεί από πλήθος ερευνητικών δράσεων και περιλαμβάνουν τις τεχνολογίες: Υπέρπυκνες Αρχιτεκτονικές (Ultra-dense), Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Software Defined Networks (SDN), Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), Cognitive Radio (CR), Milimeter Wave (mmWave), Cloud Computing και IoT και σύγκριση με τις σημερινές τεχνολογίες. Παρατίθενται τεχνο-οικονομικά μοντέλα, με βάση τις πιο σημαντικές τεχνολογίες, που συντελούν στην ανάπτυξη και προώθηση της 5G. Τα μοντέλα αυτά αποτελούν σημαντικό όπλο, ώστε οι πάροχοι να επενδύσουν σε νέες τεχνολογίες, να έχουν κέρδη και να καινοτομούν. Για το σκοπό αυτό επεξηγούνται τα αρχιτεκτονικά μοντέλα, τα μαθηματικά μοντέλα, οι παράμετροι, που επιλέγονται αλλά και τα αντίστοιχα πειράματα, που διεξάγονται για τις τεχνολογίες Ultra-density, DAS, NFV, SDN, Massive MIMO, CR, mmWave. Συνοψίζονται τα κυριότερα συμπεράσματα βάση των επιμέρους μελετών, που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής και προτείνονται ιδέες για μελλοντική έρευνα στον τομέα. Στα πλαίσια αυτά φιλοδοξείται ότι η συγκεκριμένη εργασία θα αποτελέσει ένα βασικό εργαλείο πληροφόρησης και ενημέρωσης για την επιστημονική και τηλεπικοινωνιακή κοινότητα σε ό,τι αναφορά στην τεχνο-οικονομική ανάλυση των τεχνολογιών, που αποτελούν τους θεμέλιους λίθους για τα δίκτυα Πέμπτης γενιάς.

scholarly journals ELIoT: Enhancing LiFi for a Next Generation Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Paul Linnartz ◽  
Carina Ribeiro Barbio Corrêa ◽  
Thiago Elias Bitencourt Cunha ◽  
Eduward Tangdiongga ◽  
Ton Koonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Flexible Manufacturing ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Abstract Communication for the Internet of Things (IoT) currently is predominantly narrowband and cannot always guarantee low latency and high reliability. Future IoT applications such as flexible manufacturing, augmented reality and self-driving vehicles rely on sophisticated real-time processing in the cloud to which mobile IoT devices are connected. High-capacity links that meet the requirements of the upcoming 6G systems cannot easily be provided by the current radio-based communication infrastructure. Light communication, which is also denoted as LiFi, offers huge amounts of spectrum, extra security and low-latency transmission free of interference even in dense reuse settings. We present the current state-of-the-art of LiFi systems and introduce new features needed for future IoT applications. We discuss results from a distributed multiple-input multiple-output topology with a fronthaul using plastic optical fiber. We evaluate seamless mobility between the light access points and also handovers to 5G, besides low power transmission and integrated positioning. Future LiFi development, implementation and efforts towards standardization are addressed in the EU ELIoT project which is presented here.

scholarly journals Broadband over Power Lines Systems Convergence: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Communications Analysis of Overhead and Underground Low-Voltage and Medium-Voltage BPL Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios G. Lazaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Modal Analysis ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Mimo Channels ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Value Decomposition

This review paper reveals the broadband potential of overhead and underground low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) broadband over power lines (BPL) networks associated with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The contribution of this review paper is fourfold. First, the unified value decomposition (UVD) modal analysis is introduced. UVD modal analysis is a new technique that unifies eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) and singular value decomposition (SVD) modal analyses achieving the common handling of traditional SISO/BPL and upcoming MIMO/BPL systems. The validity of UVD modal analysis is examined by comparing its simulation results with those of other exact analytical models. Second, based on the proposed UVD modal analysis, the MIMO channels of overhead and underground LV and MV BPL networks (distribution BPL networks) are investigated with regard to their inherent characteristics. Towards that direction, an extended collection of well-validated metrics from the communications literature, such as channel attenuation, average channel gain (ACG), root-mean-square delay spread (RMS-DS), coherence bandwidth (CB), cumulative capacity, capacity complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), and capacity gain (GC), is first applied in overhead and underground MIMO/LV and MIMO/MV BPL channels and systems. It is found that the results of the aforementioned metrics portfolio depend drastically on the frequency, the power grid type (either overhead or underground, either LV or MV), the MIMO scheme configuration properties, the MTL configuration, the physical properties of the cables used, the end-to-end distance, and the number, the electrical length, and the terminations of the branches encountered along the end-to-end BPL signal propagation. Third, three interesting findings concerning the statistical properties of MIMO channels of distribution BPL networks are demonstrated, namely, (i) the ACG, RMS-DS, and cumulative capacity lognormal distributions; (ii) the correlation between RMS-DS and ACG; and (iii) the correlation between RMS-DS and CB. By fitting the numerical results, unified regression distributions appropriate for MIMO/BPL channels and systems are proposed. These three fundamental properties can play significant role in the evaluation of recently proposed statistical channel models for various BPL systems. Fourth, the potential of transformation of overhead and underground LV/BPL and MV/BPL distribution grids to an alternative solution to fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) technology is first revealed. By examining the capacity characteristics of various MIMO scheme configurations and by comparing these capacity results against SISO ones, a new promising urban backbone network seems to be born in a smart grid (SG) environment.

scholarly journals Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Kuehn ◽  
Serge Pfeifer ◽  
Niels Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
5G Mobile Networks

In this study, the total electromagnetic dose, i.e., the combined dose from fixed antennas and mobile devices, was estimated for a number of hypothetical network topologies for implementation in Switzerland to support the deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems while maintaining exposure guidelines for public safety. In this study, we consider frequency range 1 (FR1) and various user scenarios. The estimated dose in hypothetical 5G networks was extrapolated from measurements in one of the Swiss 4G networks and by means of Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the peak dose is always dominated by an individual’s mobile phone and, in the case of non-users, by the bystanders’ mobile phones. The reduction in cell size and the separation of indoor and outdoor coverage can substantially reduce the total dose by >10 dB. The introduction of higher frequencies in 5G mobile networks, e.g., 3.6 GHz, reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the entire brain by an average of −8 dB, while the SAR in the superficial tissues of the brain remains locally constant, i.e., within ±3 dB. Data from real networks with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) were not available; the effect of adaptive beam-forming antennas on the dose will need to be quantitatively revisited when 5G networks are fully established.

scholarly journals Separable MSE-Based Design of Two-Way Multiple-Relay Cooperative MIMO 5G Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6284
Author(s):  
Donatella Darsena ◽  
Giacinto Gelli ◽  
Ivan Iudice ◽  
Francesco Verde
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Iterative Algorithms ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Amplify And Forward ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Local Optimal Solution ◽  
Expected Benefits

While the combination of multi-antenna and relaying techniques has been extensively studied for Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, it is expected to still play an important role in 5th Generation (5G) networks. However, the expected benefits of these technologies cannot be achieved without a proper system design. In this paper, we consider the problem of jointly optimizing terminal precoders/decoders and relay forwarding matrices on the basis of the sum mean square error (MSE) criterion in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) two-way relay systems, where two multi-antenna nodes mutually exchange information via multi-antenna amplify-and-forward relays. This problem is nonconvex and a local optimal solution is typically found by using iterative algorithms based on alternating optimization. We show how the constrained minimization of the sum-MSE can be relaxed to obtain two separated subproblems which, under mild conditions, admit a closed-form solution. Compared to iterative approaches, the proposed design is more suited to be integrated in 5G networks, since it is computationally more convenient and its performance exhibits a better scaling in the number of relays.

scholarly journals Keyholes in MIMO-OFDM: Train-to-Wayside Communications in Railway Tunnels

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Moreno García-Loygorri ◽  
Leandro de Haro ◽  
José Manuel Riera ◽  
Luis Cuéllar ◽  
Carlos Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Mimo Ofdm ◽  
Good Characterization ◽  
Railway Engineering ◽  
Tunnel Cross Section ◽  
Spaced Antennas ◽  
Subway Tunnels

One of the key challenges in railway engineering is how to provide passengers an efficient, secure, and safe service. To achieve this, operators and stakeholders demand robust and high-capacity train-to-wayside broadband radio. Current radio technologies implement MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) technology, whose use requires a good characterization of the propagation. In this paper, the results of an experimental campaign on MIMO propagation in subway tunnels are presented. The campaign makes use of an OFDM testbed at roughly 600 MHz, allowing the measurement of the 2×2 channel transfer matrix under different conditions regarding polarization, antenna separation, tunnel cross section, power allocation algorithm, and so forth. Particular attention is paid to the probability of appearance of keyholes, which imply a severe degradation of the MIMO performance even when transmitter and receiver antennas are uncorrelated. The measurements are carried out using a train that travels at the normal operative velocities. As a result of the measurements, it has been found that the use of vertical polarization at both terminals is advantageous and that, on average but for a narrow margin, λ-spaced antennas outperform λ/2-spaced ones (90% capacities of 7.00 and 6.76 bps/Hz, resp.), although the latter show a lower probability of keyholes. However, keyhole probabilities are always below 2%, so their influence on the performance of the whole system is limited.

scholarly journals A Low-Complexity and High-Decoding Performance Scheme for the MIMO-SCMA System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Wenping Ge ◽  
Haofeng Zhang ◽  
Shiqing Qian ◽  
Lili Ma ◽  
Gecheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Message Passing ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Block Code ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Message Passing Algorithm ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) has been proposed to obtain high capacity and support massive connections. When combined with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques, the spectrum efficiency of the SCMA system can be further improved. However, the detectors of the MIMO-SCMA system have high computational complexity. For the maximum likelihood (ML) detection, though it is optimal decoding algorithm for the MIMO-SCMA system, the detection complexity would grow exponentially with the number of both the antennas and users increase. In this paper, we consider a space-time block code (STBC) based MIMO-SCMA system where SCMA is used for multiuser access. Besides, we propose a low-complexity utilizing joint message passing algorithm (JMPA) detection, which narrowing the range of superimposed constellation points, called joint message passing algorithm based on sphere decoding (S-JMPA). But for the S-JMPA detector, the augment of the amount of access users and antennas leads to the degradation of decoding performance, the STBC is constructed to compensate the performance loss of the S-JMPA detector and ensure good bit error rate (BER) performance. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a close error rate performance to ML, JMPA, and a fast convergence rate. Moreover, compared to the ML detector, it also significantly reduces the detection complexity of the algorithms.

scholarly journals Low-Latency and Resource-Efficient Service Function Chaining Orchestration in Network Function Virtualization

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 5760-5772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Sun ◽  
Zhu Xu ◽  
Hongfang Yu ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Victor Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
Service Function ◽  
Network Function

scholarly journals Virtualized ANR to Manage Resources for Optimization of Neighbour Cell Lists in 5G Mobile Wireless Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonsu Shin ◽  
Songkuk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Mobile Wireless Networks ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Mobile Wireless ◽  
Additional Resource ◽  
Network Function ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Superhigh Frequency

In future, more devices such as wearable devices will be connected to the networks. This will increase simultaneous handovers. The coverage of a cell will be small because a superhigh frequency used in 5G wireless networks does not propagate very far. This trend will increase the number of neighbour cell lists and it will accelerate the change of neighbour cell lists since the coverage of cells can be altered by the environment. Meanwhile, the ANR technology will be essential in 5G networks. Since the network environment in the future is not similar to the present, the strategy of ANR should also be different from the present. First, since practical neighbour cell lists in each cell are changed frequently and individually, it is necessary to optimize them frequently and individually. Second, since the neighbour cell lists in each cell are not changed similarly, it is necessary to operate ANR flexibly. To respond to these issues, we propose to use network function virtualization (NFV) for ANR. To evaluate the proposed strategies, we measured additional resource consumption and the latency of handover if neighbour cell lists are not optimized when UEs perform handover simultaneously. These experiments are conducted using Amarisoft LTE-100 Platform.

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