scholarly journals The Possible Role of Modular Nuclear Reactors in District Heating: Case Helsinki Region

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konsta Värri ◽  
Sanna Syri
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Market Price ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
Scenario Modelling ◽  
Rapid Transition

To answer the challenges presented by climate change, all aspects of our energy systems have to carry out a rapid transition towards decarbonisation. This is especially true for the European heating sector that still relies heavily on fossil fuels. District heating systems have been traditionally praised for their efficiency, but replacing old fossil fuel based combined heat and power (CHP) plants is an ongoing challenge, and also the sustainability of biomass as a large-scale option can be considered questionable. Small modular nuclear reactors are one of the potential sources of future CO2-free district heat production. We evaluate the suitability and cost-effectiveness of these plants for district heating through literature review and scenario modelling. The technical aspects of small modular reactors seem promising but there is still a significant amount of uncertainty around both their costs and deployability. The scenario modelling assesses the investment in 300 MWdh of new district heating capacity in the Helsinki Metropolitan area in 2030 either as a CHP plant or as a heat-only boiler. The results indicate that a modular nuclear heat-only boiler could be profitable, while profitable investment in a modular nuclear CHP plant relies heavily on future electricity market price levels.

scholarly journals Efficient Use of Cogeneration and Fuel Diversification

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 38-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kunickis ◽  
M. Balodis ◽  
U. Sarma ◽  
A. Cers ◽  
O. Linkevics
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
District Heating System

Abstract Energy policy of the European Community is implemented by setting various goals in directives and developing support mechanisms to achieve them. However, very often these policies and legislation come into contradiction with each other, for example Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency, repealing Directive 2004/8/EC on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand. In this paper, the authors attempt to assess the potential conflicts between policy political objectives to increase the share of high-efficiency co-generation and renewable energy sources (RES), based on the example of Riga district heating system (DHS). If a new heat source using biomass is built on the right bank of Riga DHS to increase the share of RES, the society could overpay for additional heat production capacities, such as a decrease in the loading of existing generating units, thereby contributing to an inefficient use of existing capacity. As a result, the following negative consequences may arise: 1) a decrease in primary energy savings (PES) from high-efficiency cogeneration in Riga DHS, 2) an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Baltic region, 3) the worsening security situation of electricity supply in the Latvian power system, 4) an increase in the electricity market price in the Lithuanian and Latvian price areas of Nord Pool power exchange. Within the framework of the research, calculations of PES and GHG emission volumes have been performed for the existing situation and for the situation with heat source, using biomass. The effect of construction of biomass heat source on power capacity balances and Nord Pool electricity prices has been evaluated.

scholarly journals Stochastic Adaptive Robust Dispatch for Virtual Power Plants Using the Binding Scenario Identification Approach

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1918
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Sun ◽  
Weihang Qian ◽  
Wenjin Huang ◽  
Zheng Xu ◽  
Zhongxing Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Master Problem ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Virtual Power ◽  
Virtual Power Plants ◽  
Identification Approach

The present study establishes a stochastic adaptive robust dispatch model for virtual power plants (VPPs) to address the risks associated with uncertainties in electricity market prices and photovoltaic (PV) power outputs. The model consists of distributed components, such as the central air-conditioning system (CACS) and PV power plant, aggregated by the VPP. The uncertainty in the electricity market price is addressed using a stochastic programming approach, and the uncertainty in PV output is addressed using an adaptive robust approach. The model is decomposed into a master problem and a sub-problem using the binding scenario identification approach. The binding scenario subset is identified in the sub-problem, which greatly reduces the number of iterations required for solving the model, and thereby increases the computational efficiency. Finally, the validity of the VPP model and the solution algorithm is verified using a simulated case study. The simulation results demonstrate that the operating profit of a VPP with a CACS and other aggregated units can be increased effectively by participating in multiple market transactions. In addition, the results demonstrate that the binding scenario identification algorithm is accurate, and its computation time increases slowly with increasing scenario set size, so the approach is adaptable to large-scale scenarios.

scholarly journals Economic Dispatch Model of Nuclear High-Temperature Reactor with Hydrogen Cogeneration in Electricity Market

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8289
Author(s):  
James Richards ◽  
Cristian Rabiti ◽  
Hiroyuki Sato ◽  
Xing L. Yan ◽  
Nolan Anderson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Dispatch ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Price Duration ◽  
Test Reactor ◽  
Industry Sectors

Hydrogen produced without carbon emissions could be a useful fuel as nations look to decarbonize their electricity, transport, and industry sectors. Using the iodine–sulfur (IS) cycle coupled with a nuclear heat source is one method for producing hydrogen without the use of fossil fuels. An economic dispatch model was developed for a nuclear-driven IS system to determine hydrogen sale prices that would make such a system profitable. The system studied is the HTTR-GT/H2, a design for power and hydrogen cogeneration at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency’s High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor. This study focuses on the development of the economic model and the role that input data plays in the final calculated values. Using a historical price duration curve shows that the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) or breakeven sale price of hydrogen would need to be 98.1 JPY/m3 or greater. Synthetic time histories were also used and found the LCOH to be 67.5 JPY/m3. The price duration input was found to have a significant effect on the LCOH. As such, great care should be used in these economic dispatch analyses to select reasonable input assumptions.

scholarly journals Assessing Socioeconomic Impacts of Integrating Distributed Energy Resources in Electricity Markets through Input-Output Models

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4486
Author(s):  
Carmen Ramos Carvajal ◽  
Ana Salomé García-Muñiz ◽  
Blanca Moreno Cuartas
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Virtual Power Plants

In competitive electricity markets, the growth of electricity generated by renewable sources will reduce the market price of electricity assuming marginal cost pricing. However, small renewable distributed generation (RDG) alone cannot modify the formation of electricity prices. By aggregating small RDG units into a Virtual Power Plants (as a single unit market) they are capable of dealing at the wholesale electricity market analogous to large-scale producer following in changes in wholesale prices. This paper investigates the socioeconomic impacts of different type of RDG technologies on Spanish economic sectors and households. To this end, we applied an input-output price model to detail the activities more sensitive to changes in electricity price due to RDG technologies deployment and the associated modifications in income and total output associated with the households’ consumption variation. Detailed Spanish electricity generation disaggregation of the latest available Spanish Input-Output table, which refers to 2015, was considered. It was found that the integration of RDG units in the electricity market project a better situation for the economy and Spanish households. This paper’s scope and information can be used to benefit decision-making with respect to electricity pricing policies.

scholarly journals A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Robert Bock ◽  
Björn Kleinsteinberg ◽  
Bjørn Selnes-Volseth ◽  
Odne Stokke Burheim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Short And Long Term

For renewable energies to succeed in replacing fossil fuels, large-scale and affordable solutions are needed for short and long-term energy storage. A potentially inexpensive approach of storing large amounts of energy is through the use of a concentration flow cell that is based on cheap and abundant materials. Here, we propose to use aqueous iron chloride as a reacting solvent on carbon electrodes. We suggest to use it in a red-ox concentration flow cell with two compartments separated by a hydrocarbon-based membrane. In both compartments the red-ox couple of iron II and III reacts, oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. When charging, a concentration difference between the two species grows. When discharging, this concentration difference between iron II and iron III is used to drive the reaction. In this respect it is a concentration driven flow cell redox battery using iron chloride in both solutions. Here, we investigate material combinations, power, and concentration relations.

Thermo-hydraulic coupled simulation and analysis of a real large-scale complex district heating network in Tianjin

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 121389
Author(s):  
Xuejing Zheng ◽  
Qihang Sun ◽  
Yaran Wang ◽  
Lijun Zheng ◽  
Xinyong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Coupled Simulation

scholarly journals Stabilized Hydroxide-Mediated Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for High-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Luo ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Fengning Yang ◽  
Jiong Li ◽  
Zhibo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Current ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Electrochemical Water Splitting

Large-scale production of green hydrogen by electrochemical water splitting is considered as a promising technology to address critical energy challenges caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels. Although nonprecious...

scholarly journals Influence of Wind Power on Modeling of Bidding Strategy in a Promising Power Market with a Modified Gravitational Search Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4438
Author(s):  
Satyendra Singh ◽  
Manoj Fozdar ◽  
Hasmat Malik ◽  
Maria del Valle Fernández Moreno ◽  
Fausto Pedro García Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Gravitational Search Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Bidding Strategy ◽  
Wind Speed Profile ◽  
Gravitational Search ◽  
Modified Gravitational Search Algorithm

It is expected that large-scale producers of wind energy will become dominant players in the future electricity market. However, wind power output is irregular in nature and it is subjected to numerous fluctuations. Due to the effect on the production of wind power, producing a detailed bidding strategy is becoming more complicated in the industry. Therefore, in view of these uncertainties, a competitive bidding approach in a pool-based day-ahead energy marketplace is formulated in this paper for traditional generation with wind power utilities. The profit of the generating utility is optimized by the modified gravitational search algorithm, and the Weibull distribution function is employed to represent the stochastic properties of wind speed profile. The method proposed is being investigated and simplified for the IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 frameworks. The results were compared with the results obtained with other optimization methods to validate the approach.

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